Against Gender Norms in Sports :: Exploratory Essays

Against Gender Norms in SportsAgainst Gender Norms A controversial topic that is ordinary in the sport world today is the sex division of acceptable sports for manfuls and females. American culture places stereotypes on athletes who choose to participate in sports that are deemed as nontraditional for their particular grammatical gender. At the same condemnation American culture is world broadened by these courageous athletes. These athletes are enduring criticism based on cultural norms as well as the mixer affects on their own personal lives. young-bearing(prenominal) body builders, boxers, and football players to male cheerleaders are honest a few examples of athletes who keep up decided to go against familys gender norm. The movie Pumping Iron II shows the fleshyships and sacrifices made by a female bodybuilder. All of the women portrayed in the movie worked hard to make defined and muscular. merely the one female who pushed the boundaries of cultural norms the furth est and was clearly the strongest and most muscular did not win the contest. Bev had worked to become as muscular as a male bodybuilder of similar size, but she did not win because of criticism she received for not being feminine-looking, young-bearing(prenominal) athletes are frequently stereotyped as being gay, and, when a female athlete decides to enter a sport that is non-traditional for their gender, they have to deal with a live with battle of declaring their femininity. Just because Bev did not look nice or have a Barbie Doll figure, she was unable to win. It was a body building contest, not a beauty contest. Females should not have their femininity questioned just because they want to do something that is out of their gender norm. Nor should a male cheerleader have to declare their masculinity because society views male cheerleaders as effeminate or gay. Female athletes playing sports that are non-traditional for their gender also pay a price in their personal lives. A fe male boxer is built a potbelly differently than the average female. As seen in the movie Girl Fight, the main character has a very muscular body, which she attained through hard work and dedication. However, she looks nothing like the ideal American woman, which in turn can cause her to birth isolation and assumptions to be made about her cozy identity. Culturally there are other costs associated with females participating in traditional male squad sports. For example, at the high school level where girls have participated on football teams, physical and equipment modifications have to be made for the female athlete to participate in the sport.Against Gender Norms in Sports Exploratory EssaysAgainst Gender Norms in SportsAgainst Gender Norms A controversial topic that is prevalent in the sport world today is the gender division of acceptable sports for males and females. American culture places stereotypes on athletes who choose to participate in sports that are deemed as non traditional for their particular gender. At the same time American culture is being broadened by these courageous athletes. These athletes are enduring criticism based on cultural norms as well as the social affects on their own personal lives. Female body builders, boxers, and football players to male cheerleaders are just a few examples of athletes who have decided to go against societys gender norm. The movie Pumping Iron II shows the hardships and sacrifices made by a female bodybuilder. All of the women portrayed in the movie worked hard to become defined and muscular. However the one female who pushed the boundaries of cultural norms the furthest and was clearly the strongest and most muscular did not win the contest. Bev had worked to become as muscular as a male bodybuilder of similar size, but she did not win because of criticism she received for not being feminine-looking, Female athletes are frequently stereotyped as being gay, and, when a female athlete decides to enter a sport that is non-traditional for their gender, they have to deal with a consent battle of declaring their femininity. Just because Bev did not look delicate or have a Barbie Doll figure, she was unable to win. It was a body building contest, not a beauty contest. Females should not have their femininity questioned just because they want to do something that is out of their gender norm. Nor should a male cheerleader have to declare their masculinity because society views male cheerleaders as effeminate or gay. Female athletes playing sports that are non-traditional for their gender also pay a price in their personal lives. A female boxer is built a lot differently than the average female. As seen in the movie Girl Fight, the main character has a very muscular body, which she attained through hard work and dedication. However, she looks nothing like the ideal American woman, which in turn can cause her to suffer isolation and assumptions to be made about her sexual identity. Cultur ally there are other costs associated with females participating in traditional male team sports. For example, at the high school level where girls have participated on football teams, physical and equipment modifications have to be made for the female athlete to participate in the sport.

Bullet In Head Analysis Oral :: essays research papers

Bullet in the HeadThis date the slug cold rocked yaA yellow ribbon instead of a swastikaNothin proper about(predicate) ya propagandaFools follow rules when the set commands yaSaid it was blueWhen ya blood was redThats how ya got a bullet blasted through ya headBlasted through ya headBlasted through ya headI give a shout out to the aliveness deadWho stood and watched as the feds cold centralizedSo serene on the screen,You was mesmerizedCellular phones soundin a death toneCorporations coldTurn ya to stone before ya realizeThey load the clip in omnicolourSaid they pack the 9, they fire it at prime timeThe sleeping gas, every home was equivalent AlcatrazAnd mutha fuckas lost their mindsJust victims of the in-house drive-byThey say jump, you say how senior high schoolYeahJust victims of the in-house drive-byThey say jump, you say how highRun it(Guitar solo)Just victims of the in-house drive-byThey say jump, you say how highJust victims of the in-house drive-byThey say jump, you say how highCheck-a, check-a, check it outThey load the clip in omnicolourSaid they pack the 9, they fire it at prime timeThe sleeping gas, every home was like AlcatrazAnd mutha fuckas lost their mindsNo escape from the mass mind rapePlay it again jack and then rewind the put shoot downAnd then play it again and again and againUntil ya mind is locked inBelievin all the lies that theyre tellin yaBuyin all the products that theyre sellin yaThey say jump and ya say how highYa brain-deadYa gotta fuckin bullet in ya headJust victims of the in-house drive-byThey say jump, you say how highYeahJust victims of the in-house drive-byThey say jump, you say how highUggh Yeah YeaYa standin in lineBelievin the liesYa bowin down to the flagYa gotta bullet in ya head(Repeat x2)A bullet in ya head (8 times, building to a shout)A bullet in ya head (7 times, yelled/screamed)Ya gotta bullet in ya fuckin headYeahYeah (Sustained to end of drum roll)My talk 2 the class for RATM - Bullet in the HeadRage agai nst the mechanism are a band that are completely influenced by recent happenings and political events and they band members portray this through their music and lyrics.The song I chose to do was bullet in the head. The song was written in 1992, which was a very political era. Here is the song I will be talking to you about in which I analyzed.(Play song)As you can see Rage against the machine do a very good job of getting their message crosswise to the fans and everyone out there.

The Individual vs. Society in Mrs. Warrens Profession Essay -- Mrs. W

Often in life there is a conflict between what is effectual for the individual and the moral values laid upon the individual by ships company. This is true of the characters in George Bernard Shaws play Mrs. Warrens Profession. Shaw clearly demonstrates that actions frowned upon by society are not necessarily evil so long as they benefit the individual. Perhaps the most obvious example of societal morals conflicting with individual need is the case of Mrs. Kitty Warren. Mrs. Warren is a charwoman whose economic standing and lack of any professional skills forced her into becoming a prostitute. Obviously such a profession is against the beliefs of the society that she lives in. Not exclusively is she not ashamed of her occupation, she is proud of the amount of money that it, as well as managing several houses of prostitution, has made for her. When asked of any shame about her job by her daughter she states, Well of course dearie, its save good manners to be ashamed of it its expected of a woman. This statement shows that the only reason that one would be ashamed of it is because of society says that one should be. She feels that the restrictions that society has placed on women has made it impossible for her to pursue any other lifestyle. She demonstrates this by saying, Its far better than any other employment open to women... It cant be right, Vivie, that there shouldnt be better opportunities for women. Shaw is attempting to evoke sympathy for the character of Mrs. Warren by pitting her against a society that is against her. He is quite obviously in favor of the actions that Mrs. Warren has taken, as demonstrated by the very reasonable rationalization for what she has done and the approving reaction of her daughte... ...in acting as the representative of Shaws views, is constantly blowing off his attempts at winning her affection. Finally gives up his attempts when he realizes how her mother earns the money. He states , I really can bewilder mysel f to touch the old womans money now. Vivie is quite glad to be rid of him. Shaws opinions on society against the individual are clearly outlined in this play. with the actions and words of the character Vivie it can be clearly seen that he finds nothing wrong with breaking the rules placed on people by society, providing that it is for a good reason and not simply for self indulgence. The conclusion could be drawn that Shaw feels that these morals are fine in a perfect society, but since we do not live in one they must be broken occasionally in order to attain a better life, providing that it is done only in moderation.

The Power of DNA in the Courtroom Essay -- Exploratory Essays Research

The Power of DNA in the Courtroom In 1893, Francis Galton introduced a remarkable new panache to identify people (Fingerprinting pg 1 par 3). His observation that each individual has a unique set of fingerprints revolutionized the world of forensics. Soon, each investigators had adapted the conception to use fingerprints as a form of identification. Unfortunately, over the course of the past century, criminals have adapted to this technique and seldom leave their incriminating marks at the crime scene. Forensics specialists were in need of a new way to identify criminals, and DNA provided the answer. When it comes to genetic material, it is virtually impossible for a criminal to leave a crime scene clean. Whether it is a hair, flakes of skin, or a fragment of fingernail, if it contains genetic material then it has potential to incriminate. Howalways, there ar still concerns regarding DNA fingerprinting. What are the implications of using these tests in a courtroom scenario? What happens when DNA tests go awry? It is debatable whether or not DNA fingerprinting has a place in Americas court systems. The actual technique behind DNA profiling is fairly new. According to the National Research Council (NRC), this method has been around for about ten years. They go on to say that despite reproducibility and reliability of the methods and despite the potential power of the technique, there are serious reservations about its actual use (NRC pg 1). Still, laboratories across the linked States have undergone technological advances to bring DNA testing to the local level. These up-dated labs now have the equipment and means to handle genetic evidence, but the public must be ready to accept this ne... ...advances in genetic technology, and I believe it will not allow the courts to base their decisions solely on genetic evidence until all procedures are accurately performed. This is, after all, just one more system of identification, one tha t may prove to be even more momentous than Galtons fingerprints ever were. Works Cited Ballantyne, Jack, George Sensabaugh, and Jan Witkowski. DNA Technology and Forensic Science. New York Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 1989. Fingerprinting. Homepage. 1 May, 1997. AIMS Education Foundation. 22 October, 1999. <http//www.aimsedu.org/activities/gimmefive/gimme2.html>. National Research Council. The rating of Forensic DNA Evidence. Washington, D.C. National Academy Press, 1996. Singer, Colin R.. DNA Testing. Homepage. 22 October, 1999. <http//www.singer.ca/dna.html>

Ghost Story of Admiral Fell Inn, Baltimore :: Urban Legends

Admiral throw away Inn, BaltimoreI have expectd in Baltimore for quite several(prenominal) succession now, and it is impossible to live in the body politic and not know that there is a ghost theme associated with the Admiral Fell Inn at Fell Point (a subdivision of Baltimore located right on the harbor). The soldiery who told me this story is a precise well educated, 61 year old credit union CEO. He told me the story over dinner, with me trying to shush the rest of the guests because they all wanted to tell their own versions. I have included his version of the Ghost of Admiral Fell below, excluding only names and comments from othersIt all started on a dark and stormy nightActually my wife and I had the opportunity of meeting the Admiral during one mystify a number of years ago. It wasnt quite a dark and stormy night, but certainly an afternoon to remember. Just off to the side of the registration area of the Inn is a quaint resting area where tea and other spirits are ser ved in the traditional afternoon tea. Since this was in the late fall time period, a nice warming fire had been set with guests coming and going.As we were enjoying a concoction of light fare and drink a gentlemen of period tog appeared without entrance. He greeted us and inquired if we had tasted the tea? When challenged as to his attire, he introduced himself as William Fell from Lancaster England and was a permanent resident of the Inn. He proceeded to tell the story of the area, how he had found, some 150 or so years ago, this as a suitable deep water port for shipping American goods back to England. In fact, he reminisced on the building of the first continental armys naval frigate, the Virginia and later the Constellation in these very waters. He also saw the need to bring a calming atmosphere to the high spirited seaman by creating a safe refuge in these quarters. As we proceeded to refill our glass of a very warming mixture, we turned and as quietly as the Admiral had enter ed the room, he had some how vanished. A ghost . . . Im not sure, but was certainly a man of stature, knowledge and power.That evening, as we lowered the lights, we thought we heard a quiet, muted humming of an old sailors song as the hallway pedestal creaked under what sounded like light footsteps.

Ghost Story of Admiral Fell Inn, Baltimore :: Urban Legends

admiral Fell Inn, BaltimoreI have lived in Baltimore for quite some time now, and it is inconceivable to live in the area and not know that there is a ghost story associated with the Admiral Fell Inn at Fell breaker point (a section of Baltimore located right on the harbor). The man who told me this story is a very well educated, 61 year old credit union CEO. He told me the story over dinner, with me trying to shush the rest of the guests because they all wanted to tell their own versions. I have included his version of the Ghost of Admiral Fell below, excluding only names and comments from othersIt all started on a dark and stormy nightActually my wife and I had the opportunity of meeting the Admiral during i stay a number of years ago. It wasnt quite a dark and stormy night, but certainly an afternoon to remember. Just off to the side of the accommodation area of the Inn is a quaint resting area where tea and other spirits are served in the traditional afternoon tea. Since this was in the late strike time result, a nice warming fire had been set with guests coming and going.As we were enjoying a concoction of light fare and drink a gentlemen of period dress appeared without entrance. He greeted us and inquired if we had tasted the tea? When challenged as to his attire, he introduced himself as William Fell from Lancaster England and was a permanent resident of the Inn. He proceeded to tell the story of the area, how he had found, some 150 or so years ago, this as a suitable deep water port for shipping American goods back to England. In fact, he reminisced on the building of the first continental armys naval frigate, the Virginia and later the Constellation in these very waters. He also saw the need to engender a calming atmosphere to the high spirited seaman by creating a safe refuge in these quarters. As we proceeded to refill our glass of a very warming mixture, we turned and as quietly as the Admiral had entered the room, he had some how vanished. A ghost . . . Im not sure, but was certainly a man of stature, knowledge and power.That evening, as we lowered the lights, we thought we heard a quiet, muted humming of an old sailors song as the antechamber floor creaked under what sounded like light footsteps.

Literary Analysis of Barn Burning Essay

Child abuse has been a common occurrence finishedout the time of this world. In the newfounds report Barn Burning that was written by the author William Faulkner, a story is told of a boy named Colonel Sartoris Snopes who lives with his family. His father is a man who has seen the barbarity of war and has a very cold witnesst. His name is Abner Snopes. His heart is so cold that it is almost as if he is not even human. William Faulkner in the story uses words comparing Abner Snopes to a house fly, or stinging wasp and also says that he lifts his hand like a curled claw.This suggests that the Author was nerve-racking to give the readers an interpret of Abner Snopes being someone who insufficiencyed human qualities. Mainly he lacked qualities such as compassion and understanding. Abner Snopes outer appearance completely reflects his inner emotions. His tholepin being shot in the war as he was attempting to steal confederate horses from for his very own self profit, drags behind him everywhere he goes. This image fits well with the strange ideology of family values he has, as well as the inner corruption and love of revenge that this character embodies.He compensates for these lack of human qualities by ruling over his family with an iron fist, and bring violence to anyone who he believes that has done wrong towards him. In the beginning of the story Sartoris and Abner Snopes are in a court room being acc employ of burning down another mans barn. Mr. Harris, the barn owner, explains how Abner Snopes pig repeatedly broke through hia fence escaping into Mr. Harriss property. After multiple occurrences Mr. Harris demands one dollar from Abner Snopes for the return of his animal.A man is sent to Mr.Harriss with the money to buy back the boar but as a leaving message the man forewarns Mr. Harris that wood and hay are combustible. The judge decides that that alone is not enough to be used as proof so the case is dismissed. However, the judge lets Abner Snopes k now that he wants him out of the county for good. Throughout the story it is obvious the Sartoriss father is trying to regularize him by teaching him how to be corrupt and embrace revenge trying to fool him with words such as being loyal to your family before anything else. (Faulkner) Colonel Sartoris Snopes is sooner different from his father.Although his father attempts infusing him with potentially corruptive influence Sartoris has a sense of justice. His father tries to manipulate him by continuously explaining to him the importance of family loyalty, yet Sartoriss intended doesnt agree with everything his father has to do or say. Sartoriss worldview and morality was for more mature than that of his brothers who lacks the will power to stand up to his father. Eventually the family arrives to their new home. Destiny plays out and eventually Abner Snopes gets into his another argument and confrontation has begun.Abner snopes ruins a rug with manure and is told to clean it. He t ries but the rug is ruined beyond repair so he is ordered to make a payment. He refuses, so once again they find themselves in court and he is than coerce to pay for it. Frustrated and outraged Abner Snopes embraces his wanting of revenge and plans to light fire to the rug owners barn. He pours kerosene into a container and demands his son Sartoris to fetch him the oil. Instead he manages to escape and warn the owners of the barn of what is going on and his father is shot and killed. Sartoris acted out of the spur of the moment but he did what his heart wanted him to do.He sees through his Fathers attempts of manipulation and puts an end to his reign of terror over his family. In the end he decides that support he was receiving from his family that his father verbalize that they were continuously giving him, was something that he could do without. This story is not a typical one when it comes to the topic of claw abuse. Most people would think that they would hear about starvatio n, or beatings, or sexual molestation. But child abuse is harming a child whether it be mentally or physically and forcing a child to live with something like this can be severely mentally damaging.

Developing Effective Teamwork in Organizations Essay

There atomic number 18 many disagreeent opinions and definitions of agreemental grammatical construction. Structure in a sense is the arrangement of the functions used to do the function. Thompson said the social organisation is the inner structure of the differentiation and the relations. He referred to the structure as the means by which the transcription sets boundaries and limits for the effective performance of its members, by the definition of responsibilities, resource control and different issues. Katz and Kahn said that the structure is a series of interconnected events that occur, fill and transmigrate a cycle of activities. Culture, in an arrangingal context, push aside gener exclusivelyy regard as the sum of a assort or as a landed estate to think, believe, feel and act seat be defined. Culture is the way of life of a stem of people. More formal culture includes acquired as a abstruse whole, knowledge, belief, art, morals, customs and any other capabiliti es and habits of the members of a society. A corporation may be represented by the members of a nation as well up as of members of an brass. establishmental structure and culture of the Uni-Lever Brothers Organizational structure called Unilever is commonalty hybrid.The federation operates tierce regions of the division two product segments and five functional segments. They developed a simple structure to parley processes and effective use of available resources for the branch of the organic law to accelerate. Company executives set up consists of six layers of the junior carry offrs (local officials) to the Manager of the twenty percent year (the managers Unilever). Apart from this, the troupe employs many non-executives and cooperatives working in factories. As a multinational company Unilever a common culture for their activities has developed. They believe that all the people who work for their business and their ability to grow. The corporate culture is to believe in the ideas and support. Be a diversified company, they need to create a common working environment by combining cargonfully the needs of different people, so that they are move and proud to work for the company.Unilever is to develop a proud commercial principles and code of ethics for the company a good reputation in the industry. Organizational structure and culture of Shaheen PHARMACEUTICALS Shaheen Pharmaceuticals is a drug known and time-honored with more than 350 employees from different regions. Shaheen Pharmaceuticals has the distinction of being the first organization in the Swat Valley, which has received ISO 90012000 Quality Management is one of the famous and separated IIC organization in Dubai received, UAE-based Arab countries and the Joint Accreditation System of Australia and New Zealand (JAS-ANZ) in 2007. Shaheen in recent years has initiated the implementation of the reform of the human resources in a structured way. Shaheen Pharmaceuticals successfully the p rocess of human resources development at the beginning, with the changing needs of the organization of knowledge, skills and competencies aligned started.Shaheen pharmacy have a commission modal value, the traditional functional departments are available to perform various activities of the organization. DIFFERENCE OF THE TWO ORGANISATIONAL STRUCTURES AND CULTURES The organizational structure of the Uni-Lever Brothers is a functional the functional structure, the structure is constructed so that each part of the Organization grouped according to their purpose. Functional Structure is well suited for small businesses, in each case where department can count on the endowment and expertness of its employees and support. However a disadvantage of a functional Structure the coordination and communication surrounded by Services may be limited by the boundaries of the organization have different departments working separately as in the case of Uni-Lever Brothers. Shaheen has a pharmaceu tical organization chart the format of a functional structure, just now the difference in the two Top organizational structure uni-lever is that brothers have a hybrid Form. These organizations will help bulgeized Departments. Often report directly to the project Head or as a separate functional group to support specific Functions. The main advantage that a hierarchical organization. The communication operating cost reduced, as each team has a Superiors and subordinates.TASK 1bIMPACT OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ORGANISATIONAL STRUCTURE AND CULTURE ON THE BUSINESS PERFORMANCE Unilever has much(prenominal) a multi-domestic schema of decentralization of strategic and operational decisions in every country that the product can be adapted to local preferences. Unilever global geographic structure has its food area that it can be adapted in different countries on trends and consumer demand regionalized. In addition, the company has developed a growth strategy as a path of growth that . During pruning its four hundred brands of 1600 brands with fierce competition in the world of multinational and national companies to accelerate growth in the next five years. The company has taken to prevent significant restructuring and organizational changes with the organizations objects.Alignment with senior management goals of the company are divided into two units, the unit of food and home and personal care products unit split. They distri still whened control subsidiaries with headquarters and selling companies are non profits. Organizational structure of Unilever is commonly a hybrid one. The company operates three regions of the division two product segments and five functional segments. They developed a simple structure to communication processes and effective use of available resources for the growth of the organization to accelerate. The corporate culture is to believe in the ideas and support. Be a diversified company, they need to create a common working environ ment by combining carefully the needs of different people, so that they are propeld and proud to work for the company.Unilever is to develop a noble commercial principles and code of ethics for the company a good reputation in the industry. Todays business world has become globalized, the resources leftover Training strategic internal and external, in order to further the objectives of the organization. The main goal is the company HR strategy with the company to combine a competitive advantage. After major restructuring of business processes Unilever concentrates the use of its resources to its business strategy. They established a work program simply smart people work on three levels Manage time effectively and simplify their work with a series of tools To work in a team within the company Easy to work in terms of process and organizational commitment of employees Its HR function was restructured into three components, which caters them to remove the complexity of the HR mo del.. The first is to their day to day transactional problems, manage circumstancesd services. Second component include the centralization of units within the company in areas such as education, administration, compensation and organizational development. Third component included development and delivery of HR solutions to solve business problems with the help of a group of human resource management specialists. Unilever is a global name in the world today, and has a large number of employees worldwide. For the company to be competitive in the world market must carefully synchronize their HR policies with the companys strategy to attain their goals.Building a corporate culture is part of a key strategy that includes employee passion to win in port, attitudes and motivation. What can be achieved in restructuring the organization, employee assessment, workshops and awards? Unilever has a model called competitive attractership for the growth profile, the various components of the p rocess of creating a vision of growth for every person in the company, to motivate them for the purpose of work is developed combined organization. The implementation of this model is a challenge in a specific theorise, but the goal was overly the commitment of the staff to get to work towards. Using factors LGP rude(a) company is trying to change the behavior of the manager, to the strategic objective of business growth and development, and recruitment process management (Sustainable Development, 2008) are linked. TASK 1cINDIVIDUAL AND ORGANISATIONAL BEHAVIORCulture of an organization is very of the essence(predicate) to play an important role, whether or non the organization is a happy, healthy place for many executives do not deny work, the importance of corporate culture in employee satisfaction, a sudden certainly shaping realize some direct implications it. It is often assumed that cultures are fixed, but this assumption is wrong. It is important that give-up the ghoste rs at all levels about their roles and responsibilities in the excuse of the compulsive work environments that can enlarge employee satisfaction are. Dissatisfaction is the leading cause of revenues and costs, and may have adverse environmental effects on the body.Individual portIndividual behavior refers to how individuals behave in the workplace their behavior is influenced by his attitude, personality, perception, learning and motivation. This also refers to the combination of reactions to internal and external stimuli. Factors affecting individual behavior can be Demography Demographic factors, sociostinting background, education, nationality, race, age, gender, etc. are organizations that people who belong to a higher socio-economic well-educated, young people, etc. because they prefer to be more effective than others probably. Young and dynamic professionals who have a good academic background and effective communication skills are always in high demand. The field of forc e of demographic factors is important because managers help you choose the right candidate for a position.Ability and Skills Physical ability of a person to do something can be described as the ability. Competence can be seen as the ability in a way that allows a person to perform well defined act. Individual behavior and the performance is strongly influenced by the ability and skills. A person may well in the organization if their skills are matched with the job requirements. Managers play an important role in the skills and abilities of employees with the requirements of the position correspond. Perception It is a cognitive process to interpret environmental stimuli and to make responses accordingly. Each individual on his preferences can base and organize its responses. To interpret environmental stimuli there are several factors that affect the perception of one. The oeuvre of perception plays an important role for managers.It is important for managers to create a positive wor k environment so that employees can perform better. Employees are most likely to succeed if they perceive a positive way. Attitude According to psychologists, the attitude as a tendency to respond positively or negatively to certain objects, persons or situations are defined. Factors such as family, community, culture, colleagues and organizational factors influence the formation of attitudes. Manager of a company, the variables associated with the task. Working environment in a favorable way, that people are trying to create champaign form a positive attitude toward their jobs Employees can better in the organization, if they are positive.Personality Personality as the study of the properties and characteristics of an individual can be the interdependent relationship between them and how a person reacts and adapts to different people and situations. The various factors that influence an individuals personality are heredity, family, society, culture and situation. It implies that i ndividuals differ in their nature and meets the organizational environment. Personality can be considered the most complex aspect of human behavior that is significantly affected. We can conclude that the study of personality traits is a chance to understand people. It helps them to properly orient their efforts and motivation to achieve the organizational goal. It refers to the fact that various environmental factors to produce different responses. The study of these reactions is very important for the organization. Every organization needs a certain kind of conduct of their employees, and such behavior can be discovered through and through observation, learning, exposure, education, etc.LEARNING OUTCOME 2Task 1 leadership StylesA appearance of leadership leading provider of consulting, implementation plans and motivate. There are many different types of leadership that can be presented by the leaders in politics, business or other.Authoritarian Leadership StyleAn autocratic leade r has strict custody and tight control over pursual by giving the strict regulation policies and procedures, to the disciples. To keep the focus on the distinction between authoritarian leaders and their followers, these kinds of guides are implemented so as to make sure to create a professional relationship separate. Direct supervision, is what they believe to be the key to maintaining an high-octane and trailer boat. In fear, unproductive supporters authoritarian leaders keep a watchful eye and it is necessary that something be done.Examples of communicative behavior authoritarian stage a traffic cop, a teacher ordered a student to do his duty, and a cleaning executive program instructed a subordinate workstation. All of these positions require a significant number of features that give the leadership to put things in order or a maneuver of view. Authoritarian features sets goals individually, engaged primarily in one direction, downward communication, control conversations wi th the faithful, and the interaction donation.Paternalistic Leadership StyleAs a paternalistic leader, by taking care of you as a father figure would work to their subordinates as parents. In this way the leadership of the Chief provides comprehensive care for his followers or workers. In return, he gets the full trust and homage of his people. Workers under the leadership style should be very committed to what the leader thinks and do not strive and work independently. The relationship between the leaders and colleagues are extremely strong. Workers should stay with a company for a longer period due to the loyalty and trust. Not only do they treat each other like family into the labor market, but also outside. These workers are in a position to the other with all the problems that they are going through something because they believe what they say, really help. One of the drawbacks of a paternalistic leader is that the leader can begin to play in the decisions favorites. This guid e includes workers are more likely to follow and for those who were less faithful to exclude.Democratic Leadership StyleDemocratic leadership includes the leaders of the decision-making skills to share with the group to promote the interests of the members of the group and the practice of social equality. This style includes discussions to encourage debate and the exchange of ideas and people feel good about their participation. The boundaries of parliamentary participation in the rule of the organization or group needs and the instrumental value of these attributes (skills, attitudes, etc.) are limited. Democratic style includes the idea that everyone needs, due to their status as human beings play a role in the decisions of the group. But the Democratic leadership still needs guidance and control by a specific leader.The democratic style requires the leader to decide who should be called within the group and make the right decisions and to participate and vote. Research has shown that this type of leadership is one of the most efficient and creates greater productivity has improved contributions from the members of the group and group increased morale. In situations where the roles are not clear or time is short, the Democratic leadership to lead the communication failures and unfinished projects. Democratic leadership works trump out in situations where group members are qualified and willing to share their knowledge. It is also important to allow sufficient time to help people develop a plan and then vote on the best way to have effect.Laissez-faire Leadership StyleLaissez-faire leadership style was first described by Lewin, Lippitt and White in 1938, and the autocratic leadership and democratic leadership style. The laissez-faire style is sometimes referred to as hands off management style, because the leader delegates tasks to their fans and has little or no significance for the disciples. If the leader moves to its followers, it can sometimes lead to a lack of productivity, satisfaction and cohesion. Laissez-faire leaders loyal to complete freedom can make decisions on the conclusion of their work. It allows supporters a high degree of familiarity and independence, while providing advice and support at the same time the demand. The weary head with the Freedom Tour, trailer with all necessary materials in order to achieve their goals, but do not participate directly in the decision, unless the disciples to ask for their help.Transactional Leadership StyleTransactional leadership style was first described by Max weber in 1947 and later in 1981 by Bernard Bass. In this style he mainly used management to focus on transactional leaders. They guide their followers and motivated them by a system of rewards and punishments. There are two factors that are the basis of this system, rewards and management by exception. Offers rewards contingent rewards, both material and psychological for the efforts and recognize good performance. Manage ment by exception allows the driver to maintain the status quo. Occurs when the subordinates do not meet an acceptable level of performance and corrective put in to improve performance. Management by exception relieves managers, as they are called in when employees are away from.Comparison of the Five Leadership StylesAuthoritarian leadership is best applied to situations where there is little time for group decision making or better informed when the leader of the member of the group. The paternalistic leader promotes the organization because she workers to perform tasks, so you can allow them to stay on top of their work. A worker task that boosts confidence and makes them work harder to achieve a goal and to exceed proved that they work hard. With this style of management can also help a reward system.This system allows employees to better, because there is something for them at the end of the tunnel. plot of land doing this, they will also be able to perform more work in a giv en period. The democratic style requires the leader to decide who should be called within the group and make the right decisions and to participate and vote. Democratic leadership will give you better ideas and creative solutions to problems because the group members are encouraged to share their thoughts and ideas. Although democratic leadership style is one of the most effective leadership, it has some potential drawbacks. The laissez-faire style effective for use The fans are highly qualified, go through and educated. The fans are proud of their work and will do it on their own. Outside experts, such as staff specialists or consultants are used. The fans are experienced and trustworthy.This style should not be used if The followers a sense of insecurity to the unavailability of a leader. The leader cannot or do not regularly account back to their disciples Effective leadership styles Uni-Lever Brothers In large multinational companies such as Uni-Lever Brothers Company endo rsed the concept of leadership not only with traditional dimensions such as strokes and styles, but also at the level of the leadership skills developed through the process generated history of organizational learning. It forms what is believed to lead can affect sizable strategic importance, announced the general performance of the multinational Unilever in 2001 Path to Growth of the new strategy by the number of products in its portfolio in 1200 400 to instead Unilever brands create a space for global growth.A key strategy as building a corporate culture aims to encourage employees to assoil market behavior due to their state of mind, passion and motivation. This culture has been developed through an organizational restructuring, assessment, workshops and awards. The most important is the strategic reorientation model combines Unilever new skill, leadership for the growth profile (LGP), and the following elements. First of all, everyone in the company should have a vision for gr owth. Growth is considered the key criteria for the conduct of employees of Unilever. Second, any increase in growth through the implementation and for other growth stimulating.Third, it is important to get the commitment of growth. And defining a new set of skills LGP / factors and the use of management development and recruitment Unilever tries to change the behavior of managers and increase behaviors that are related to the strategic objectives of growth. Unilever said Expatriate Manager Orientation power is lower than the other cultural attribute value to the company. Low score on this scale reflects the heritage management and previous painful realities of economic transition.Effective Leadership Styles in the Pharmaceutical ShaheenThe basic goal of the pharmaceutical industry Shaheen is to produce high quality medicines at affordable prices with the latest technology and a highly technical. To achieve this goal, the Company has GLP, GMP and ISO 90012000 GWP requirements and co ntinual improvement of their management and marketing tasks. Shaheen Pharmaceuticals by style bureaucratic activities of the HR department, that all core businesses which position a person has only one main HRD activities. Shaheen pharmacy has one of the best systems management career. The Company periodically reviews its employees and as far as the improvement of their career is to be feared, the company has an appropriate strategic planning, through which it brocaded the level of staff training. The company offers workshops, seminars, visits, key employees and other pharmaceutical training courses that focus on the injection of expertise and professionalism of the staff.TASK 2ORGANISATIONAL THEORIESOrganizational system as the study of organizations in favor of the identification of common themes in order to solve problems, the maximization of the energy and productivity and to meet the needs of the stakeholder organization theories are theories of classical, modern-classical a nd modern. It complements studies of organizational behavior studies and Human Resource Management. Organizational surmise aims to understand the structure within organizations. The anticipate into aims to find out if it. Better way of structuring organizations, or if it varies depending on the situation. Another goal is to understand what causes. These theories are further categorized into three categories namely classical, neo classical and modern theories. Advantages and disadvantages of the classical theory of management practice Although classical perspective promotes efficiency, it is often to ignore the needs of people criticized.Moreover, it is rarely considered human actus reus or the variability of the performance. One of the advantages of the traditional management structure is a clear organizational hierarchy with three levels of separate management. Each management group has its own goals and responsibilities. One of the advantages of the classical woo to managemen t is the division of labor. The projects are divided into small tasks easy to accomplish. The division of labor leads to increased productivity and efficiency, because the workers should not multitask. According to the classical theory of management, employees must be motivated by financial rewards. Owner of a small business can take to motivate this approach by staff to achieve production. The approach of the autocratic leadership is the central part of the classical management theory. The autocratic leadership approach is generally to be made quickly by a chieftain of small decisions without a large group of people, such as advising a board.Small businesses, furbish up proprietorships, may have a particular advantage in this approach because they have a strong leader need to grow. Classical management theory was rigid and mechanistic and it is a clear inadequacy of the classical organization theory. Its main drawback is that it has tried to explain the motivation of the people w ho work strictly for economic success. Another weakness of the classical organizational theory rests on the assumption that all organizations are somewhat similar. Thompson and McHugh (2002 6) Quote Salaman (1979 33), which states A real organizational sociology is not by the efforts of some analysts helped organization hypotheses about organizations in general to develop an amalgam of these examples as diverse as voluntary organizations, charities and political organizations.Advantages and disadvantages of neoclassical theory in practice management The human relations movement developed in response to the strong and authoritarian structure of the classical theory. He raised many questions which theory from the classical. The most serious objection to the classical theory is that it created on the compliance and stiffness, wading creativity, personal growth and motivation. Neoclassical theory appears authenticated concern for human needs. Neoclassical theory focuses on individual b ehavior or group, and the relationships determine productivity. The main features of the neoclassical approach are individual group work and participatory management style. Neoclassical theorists have recognized the importance of individual and collective behavior and emphasized human relationships.Based on the Hawthorne experiments, disturbed the neoclassical approach, the relationship between the social or human operators, researchers and regulators (Roethlisberger and Dickson, 1943). It has been argued that these considerations were consistent determination productivity as simple changes in working conditions. Productivity gains achieved as a result of high morale, which was affected by the amount of each employee, personal attention and get intimate. Advantages and disadvantages of the modern theory of management practice forward-looking theories are based on the idea that the organization is a scalable system that must adapt to changes in their environment. Modern theories ar e systemic approach, the socio-technical approach and the concept of hap or situation.The systems approach views the organization as a system consisting of a series of interconnected composed and interdependent subsystems. The socio-technical approach is to look up the organization as a social system, the technical system and its environment. They interact with each other and it is necessary, according to balance for the effective functioning of the institution. The contingency or situational approach recognizes that organizational systems are interrelated with their environment and different environments call for different organizational relationships for effective organization. Some major features of the modern approaches of the organization are Theses approaches are a systemic and dynamic process of viewing and interaction. These approaches are multilevel, probabilistic, multi-motivated and multidimensional in nature.

Test Taking Strategies

Test-Taking Strategies For 10 years, I was the one trying the students, teaching strategies and finding bleak ones to help students lead. Suddenly, I found myself returning to school and the anxiety, stress, lack of duration, and just all the unk presentlyns seemed to overwhelm my life. The last couple of years I view collected to incorporate strategies that work best for me, but there is always room for improvement and strengthening.Learning, study and test winning skills are some of the most fundamental things to excite when furthering your education. Upon interpretation Strategies for Test Success by Linda Anne Silvestri, I was able to scrutinize some of my weaknesses, re assess my learning style, and look at some sweet test taking strategies while assessing my up-to-date strategies. Helpful Test Taking Strategies Tests usually have signifi suffert validity on your grade. The better you are fain for different types of tests, the better grade you pull up stakes recei ve. Meyers, 2000) Some subservient test strategies that I gathered from this assignment include techniques for reducing test anxiety, avoid cultivation into the question, avoid changing answers, learning how to study in a manner that works best, and improving retention of learning. Test anxiety is an unpleasant experience and can interfere with test performance. This is one area that I struggle with myself. Linda Anne Silvestri suggests incorporating some of the following techniques in order to reduce anxiety while preparing for and taking an exam.First, evaluate yourself to determine what may be causing the anxiety. Is it stress, pressure to succeed, or negative thoughts? Second, figure out techniques that will help to reduce the anxiety such as avoid procrastination, relaxation techniques before and during an exam, maintain a healthy lifestyle and diet, and maintain a positive attitude which will lead to success. (Silvestri, 2010) In that endorsement of despair, when my memory just seems to go blank, I often find myself digging from my own life experiences to find a rationale to the question being asked.Linda Anne Silvestri explains reading into a question as One is considering issues beyond the information presented in the question. (Silvestri, 2010) I am guilty of this on many occasions, and learning to identify the information the question contains and what it is asking will help improve my test scores. Changing answers is a nonher area which I struggle. You know the information go with your first instinct, take ont second guess yourself I have said this to many students over the years, why does it seem so hard to incorporate into my own strategies now that I am a student? By reevaluating this area, hopefully I can become more confident in the answering of questions and learn to combining my instincts and knowledge. One must also remember not change an answer unless you are absolutely sure you have made a mistake, as tell in the book The Secret of Taking Any Test by Learning show. (Meyers, 2000) In Kaplans How to Study video about learning to study in a manner that work best for you, suggests that you find a quiet room or area that you can use just for analyze.I often find myself trying to study in the family room where it seems like the TV is shouting at me and my books are scattered all over the retch and floor. I am currently working on this by converting a spare room into my study space. It was recommended that in this area you are to consider superb body position, such as using a chair and desk not sitting or lying on your bed. This area must also have good lighting and be free of distractions. In doing this I hope that I will be able to separate my school time and family time from each other. Visualize, organize, itemise, repeat is suggested by Kaplan in order to retain information.The goal of most students is to retain what they are learning. Spending too much time studying is and major complaint of students. By m aking vivid associations of the content with a picture, group and organize topics together because items are best learned in groups, recite your knowledge out loud to figure out what you do not understand, and finally repeat it often. By using this strategy instead of trying to hit the books text out of a book, one should have to spend less time studying and more information should be retained. (Kaplan Nursing Lipponcott) Test Strategies not so HelpfulThere are so many strategy recommendations for students. While each have good points, some are more helpful than others. Strategies that dont seem as helpful to me are simulating actual test like circumstances when studying for the exam, study groups, place taking by using the fancy systems. These three strategies just seem to increase my stress level to the point I feel like I am not learning. Simulating actual test like circumstances has just never worked for me as I usually dont pick the correct information to test myself on and t he important information gets left behind.Study groups cause me too much pressure because I find that one or two pot seem to be putting the study manoeuvers together. This is a pet peeve for me I dont mind sharing my ideas but dont expect me to do all the work and then hand it to you. The final one that has never worked for me is taking notes by using one of the many note taking systems. I find myself spending too much time trying to remember what needs to be written where, organizing, how to fold the paper. I have developed my own crazy way of taking notes over the years.Note taking is an area that I feel is individualize for each person. Learning genius The VAK Learning Style Assessment indicates that I learn visually followed closely by being a kinesthetic learner. I feel this is a real accurate assessment of my learning style. I am the person who likes to observe how things are done either by reading the instructions or reflection someone perform the task. I also learn by h olding, touching, and feeling. The whole hands-on experience works well for me. Auditory learning is sometime laborious for me.I find using the auditory portion of an E-book is not beneficial to me because my mind seems to wander and I have a hard time concentrating on the information. I am someone who likes to have the textbook in hand to touch and feel. Diagnosis of Test Taking Weakness My personal diagnoses of test taking weakness would be Anxiety related to taking examinations as evidenced by sympathetic stimulation including increased respiratory rate, heart rate, apprehension and facial nerve flushing. I will display decreased test anxiety before and after each exam for the next twelve months.I will learn how to control sympathetic stimulations during exams for the next year. Interventions will include getting enough sleep before exams, practicing relaxation techniques such as deep breathing by inhaling deeply through nose and exhaling slowly, thinking positive thoughts, avo iding reading extra information into the question, and changing answers on the exam. Interventions will be confirmed effective if spanking signs reflect baseline, there is decreased sympathetic stimulation, and able to control test anxiety by using stated techniques. Risk for impaired emory related to softness to retain sufficient knowledge and information. I will retain sufficient knowledge and information from the ADRN program to pass all exams for the next year. I will demonstrate use of techniques to help reduce memory loss for twelve months. I will utilize anxiety reducing techniques, non-distracting study areas, visualize, organize, recite, and repeat techniques into current study and test taking practices . Intervention will be confirmed effective if I pass all exams and the NCLEX. References Ackley, B. & Ladwig, G. (2008).Nursing diagnosis handbook An evidence-based guide to planning care, (8th ed. ). St. Louis, MO Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Kaplan Nursing Lipponcott, W. a. (n. d. ) Kaplan Nursing. Retrieved September 1, 2011, from Kaplan nursing How to study, Nursing school success http//www. nursing. kaplan. com/student/User_Home. aspx Meyers, J. N. (2000). The secret of taking any test. Learning Express Silvestri, L. A. (2010). Saunders strategies for success for test success Passing nursing school and the NCLEX exam. Philadelphia, PA Elsevier Saunders an imprint of Elsevier.

Potential Problems and Solutions For International Students

Travelling abroad canful be an exciting and life-changing event in ones life. The opportunity to study in another region is a unique and fulfilling experience, both academically and personally. The percentage of international students in universities is rising steadily each year. Although an international study opportunity is a obsolete adventure, thither are several problems international students can face when attending school in a outside rude. International students should be aware of the dominance problems and be prepared in advance to successfully solve anything that comes their way.The biggest problem international students face today is fiscal challenges. It is expensive to travel to a foreign country to study. In most cases there are no opportunities for scholarships or sponsor assistance. Most programs allow students to work part-time, however in most countries it go out be exceedingly difficult for international students to find work. In addition, international stu dents are typically not allowed to participate in any foreign countrys welfare or government financial assistance programs. International students with families are often permitted to bring them along as their dependents.This can create marvelous financial problems for the student as their family can only accompany them if they have previous funds to maintain themselves during their persist in. The students spouse should not motif to work during the stay to maintain basic needs. If it seems the family is not financially secure enough to maintain themselves, they will not be permitted to enter the country. Although this is the main notice of international student spouse employment, there are situations in which employment rights can be granted based on length of stay.One specific financial burden international students often face is health superintend costs. There is no guarantee an international student will be healthy for their finished stay. Some countries offer health care options depending on the students length of stay. The UK offers services from the National Health Service for students who have a stay of six months or longer. This free health care option also applies to the students family. International students face several financial problems, however there are solutions. The best thing a student can do before their initial travel is to put aside money for their expenses.Most universities provide potential international students will fee estimates that include average utility and grocery costs as well as academic expenses. It is wise for students to bring at least fifteen percent more than you expect to use during the stay. This emergency fund can be helpful in case of inflation or other unexpected costs. For students who do not qualify for the foreign countrys healthcare programs, travel insurance policy is something they should consider. Students should not assume health insurance used in their home country would cover any unexpected health care costs in the foreign country.Most travel insurance can be purchased according to the length of stay. Being prepared for the unexpected is the one task every international student should make priority. Creating an emergency savings fund is an excellent way for the student to ensure their financial and personal safety during their stay. In addition to a savings fund, students should remember to research health care options for their stay as well. International study opportunities are priceless in academic and personal worth, however without proper preparation they can be extremely expensive and can create an unnecessary financial burden for the student and their family.SourcesPorter, Darwin. Frommers Italy 2005. 2004. Wiley Publishing, Inc.UKCOSA Guidance Notes. 2005. http//www.ukcosa.org.uk/pages/guidenote.htm (11 May 2005).

Why L.A. Used as Setting for Most Disaster Movies.

HENOS WOLDE Instructor STARR GOODE English 1 Essay 3 10/29/2012 Why L. A. used as setting for near incident movies. through decades of hazard films, Los Angeles has been targeted by aliens, toppled by temblors, sunken by tsunamis, leveled by lava, and a rogue tornado once took out the Hollywood sign. Even though in real life los angels is not such a disastrous it nonetheless faces constant destruction in movies, on television, and in books in the collective imagination, the urban center burns and burns.Los angels is used as a setting for most disastrous movies because the city is home to Hollywood and the movie business, so the artists who write about, direct and realize mass destruction in Los Angeles are often intimately known with the territory and find it convenient to drop los angels in their films. Los Angeles is a popular disaster movie locale because it is home of the entertainment capital of the world Hollywood, its famous landmarks, and its geography. Los Angeles is home to the entertainment capital of the world Hollywood, which explains why L. A. is often used as a setting for most disaster movies.To destroy a big city in movies takes a lot of time and work. It would make it even harder to conk far away to shoot these movies. To make the destruction look realistic, Hollywood movie makers have to work extra hard and film non stop devising sure they get every little detail right. It would make it very challenging to film these movies far away from the studio. For these reason Hollywood apparently wants to destroy all of Los Angeles. For example, the city is going down in flames in DEMOLITION MAN, turned into an island in ESCAPE FROM L. A. , and obliterated in THE BIG ONE THE big LOS ANGELES EARTHQUAKE.Perhaps Hollywood has no particular malice toward Los Angeles but simply destroys it cinematically because its there, at hand, nearby, easy to drive to and blow up, burn down, and shake apart eyepatch the cameras roll. With these disaster movi es Hollywood has perfected the cinema of conspicuous destruction, certainly a defining aspect of American movie technology. Los Angeles is also a city fill with internationally recognized landmarks. The Hollywood sign, the Capitol Records building, City Hall and the skyscrapers of down town makes the movies convenient for cinematic shorthand.Almost everybody recognizes these landmarks and when they see it existence destroyed in movies, it allows the scale of the disaster to strike the audience greatly. By far, L. A. s biggest cinematic target is the famous nine-letter landmark perched in the Hollywood hills. When people see the Hollywood sign being destroyed by natural disaster or alien attack, the idea behind it is to exaggerates the power of the destruction and to shock viewers with a realistic encounter of these familiar monuments falling apart. Apart from its landmarks, L. A. s a popular disaster-movie locale because of its geography. Sitting in a seismic zone on the western e dge of the continent, it is surrounded by beaches, mountains and deserts. In real life, the city is subject to floods, fires, earthquakes and big waves, so seeing freeways collapse or Santa Monica swallowed up by the sea isnt such a stretch. Hollywood takes great advantage of these landmarks to destroy Los Angeles. Some People also love watching Los Angeles get destroyed because they rely Its nice to mess up the great weather and see it being destroyed by natural disasters.But regardless of the on screen devastation, Fire, earthquakes, floods, volcanos, and a fewer alien invasions have destroyed the City of Los Angeles. Even though 1000s of disastrous movies have been made in the City, these movies have made the City a storied landmark. Ultimately, heaving destruction on Los Angeles also shows Hollywoods sense of humor and optimism. Its an odd kind of Western optimism where Los Angeles forever seems to start over again, like a genus Phoenix rising from its own destruction.Los an geles also makes it easier for Hollywood actors to destroy it because of its geography and world wide recognized landmarks. L. A. is good at playing itself in film. Its a familiar face and it is always expected to get blown up and somehow miraculously reappear in the next summer blockbuster. Interestingly, there are always a few survivors in these films, along with a message of hope. Even thought Los Angeles is used as a setting of disaster in most of its movies, theres always hope for change and resurrection as well.

Rechnical Report on Delta Steel Company, Ovwian Aladja.

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1. STUDENTS INDUSTRIAL WORK EXPERIENCE SCHEME (SIWES) The objective of the SIWES Unit is to en sealed that students in Science and Technology-based disciplines atomic effect 18 do to acquire sufficient practical knowledge so that when they get employed on graduation they become immediately originative with little of no further training in their fields of specialization. The SIWES Unit is creditworthy for the coordination of the Students industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES) in the University.The Unit accomplishes this with with(predicate) the placement of students who ar in their penultimate year in the relevant industrial environments for on-the- frolic training for a minimum of six months. In collabo dimensionn with the Industrial Training Fund, the Unit monitors and determines the industrial training syllabus through the use of industry and institution-based Supervisors. Students, at the end of the training programme, do present reports on the ir practical experiences at a de qualitymental interactive forum where faculty members jointly access individual students performance on the programme as is required by the SIWES curriculum.Currently, six hundred students drawn from seven colleges ar participated in the 2009 SIWES programme in versatile industries and establishments in the country. Students in B. engr degree passages carried out their industrial trainings in various(a) industries along with students from other SIWES approved institutions. This is done in order not to compromise our national mandate of spell out practically sound mechanical locomotiveering graduates that pass on eventually assist the country in meeting the demand for sound man military powerfulness in our various energy sectors. 1. 1 DELTA STEEL COMPANY, OVWIAN ALADJA.BRIEF INTRODUCTION The vane plant at Ovwian/Aladja (Delta nerve Com junky Ltd), was commissioned in 1982 and produced steel from imported iron ore and local steel scrap. I t has a capacity of 1. 08 metric tones annually. DSC comprises of four major plants * pellet plant * Direct reduction plant * Steel melting section and * Rolling mill The come with also comprises of other auxiliary departments such as Heavy trading/internal transports department -Instrumentation and control department -Fire and safety department -Environmental control department -Central electrical principal(prenominal)tenance department Central mechanical department and so on. I particularly fielded in the heavy duty workshop/ internal transport department. The heavy duty workshop(HDW) dates as far bear out as Delta Steel Company itself. The heavy duty department is responsible for the up relieve of both heavy duty and light vehicles, as thoroughly as maintenance of the various forefinger plants the company depends on for its immense power supply. All vehicle damage is reported to this section for speed up, also regular maintenance is carried out on the vehicles to make s ure they be in good working condition. . 1. 2ORGANIZATIONAL SETUP The organizational set-up is shown below pic pic HEAVY DUTY/ INTERNAL TRANSPORT DEPARTMENT. The heavy duty workshop focuses on rep ambience and maintenance of vehicles (both light and heavy vehicles) they particularly specialize in rep occupation of the companies vehicles. The workshop is divided into sections the over- hale section, the auto-electrical section, the vulcanizing section, the welding/fabrication section, the preventive maintenance section.When a vehicle is brought into the workshop, the supervisors take shovel in all complaints out front sending the vehicle to the particular section where the rep zephyr will be carried. The Heavy duty department organ gram is shown below pic CHAPTER TWO 2. DETAILS OF INDUSTRIAL TRAINING. EXPERIENCE GAINED At DELTA STEEL COMPANY PLC, i participated in motor vehicle repair and maintenance, although I was made to go through al more or slight all the sections in the he avy duty/ internal transport department. I had the opportunity to be capable to diesel engine motor locomotives, gas pedal locomotive locomotive engines, pneumatic carcasss.All corpses discussed below cover the works i carried out in this organization. 2. 1 Ignition Systems The purpose of the rubor administration is to create a actuate that will ignite the sack-air mixture in the cylinder of an engine. It must do this at charterly the right instant and do it at the rate of up to several thousand times per minute for from to each one one cylinder in the engine. Currently, there ar three distinct types of redness dodgings, The Mechanical Ignition System, The Electronic Ignition System andFinally, the Distributorless Ignition System.The distributer is the nerve center of the mechanical ignition system and has two tasks to perform. First, it is responsible for triggering the ignition coil to generate a return at the precise instant that it is required (which varie s depending how fast the engine is turning and how much load it is down the stairs). Second, the distributor is responsible for directing that spark to the proper cylinder (which is why it is called a distributor) The ignition switch. There are two separate circuits that go from the ignition switch to the coil.virtuoso circuit runs through a resistor in order to step down the emf about 15% in order to protect the points from unseasonable wear. The other circuit sends full battery voltage to the coil. The only time this circuit is used is during scroogeing. Since the starter draws a con postrable amount of current to crank the engine, additional voltage is needed to power the coil. So when the key is turned to the spring-loaded start position, full battery voltage is used. As soon as the engine is running, the driver passages the key to the run position which directs current through the primary resistor to the coil.On more or less vehicles, the primary resistor is mounted on t he firewall and is easy to replace if it fails. Ignition Coil The ignition coil is the heart of the ignition system. As current flows through the coil a strong charismatic field is built up. When the current is shut off, the collapse of this magnetic field to the secondary windings induces a high voltage which is released through the large center terminal. This voltage is then directed to the spark plugs through the distributor. Ignition Timing The timing is set by loosening a hold-down screw and rotating the body of the distributor.Since the spark is triggered at the exact instant that the points begin to open, rotating the distributor body (which the points are mounted on) will change the relationship between the position of the points and the position of the distributor cam, which is on the shaft that is delivered to the engine rotation. Ignition Wires These cables are knowing to handle 20,000 to more(prenominal) than 50,000 volts. The job of the spark plug electrifys is to g et that enormous power to the spark plug without leaking out. Spark plug wires go from the distributor cap to the spark plugs in a very specific order.This is called the going order and is part of the engine intention. Each spark plug must only fire at the end of the compression bezzant. Each cylinder has a compression jibe at a different time, so it is important for the individual spark plug wire to be routed to the amend cylinder. For instance, a form V8 engine firing order is 1, 8, 4, 3, 6, 5, 7, 2. The cylinders are numbered from the front to the rear with cylinder 1 on the front-left of the engine. So the cylinders on the left side of the engine are numbered 1, 3, 5, 7 maculation the right side are numbered 2, 4, 6, 8.On some engines, the right bank is 1, 2, 3, 4 date the left bank is 5, 6, 7, 8. A repair manual will tell you the correct firing order and cylinder layout for a particular engine. The next thing we need to know is what direction the distributor is rotating in, clockwise or counter-clockwise, and which terminal on the distributor cap that 1 cylinder is located. Once we squander this information, we can begin routing the spark plug wires. If the wires are installed incorrectly, the engine whitethorn bearfire, or at the very least, not run on all cylinders.It is very important that the wires are installed correctly. Spark Plugs The ignition systems sole reason for organism is to service the spark plug. It must provide sufficient voltage to jump the gap at the tip of the spark plug and do it at the exact right time, reliably on the order of thousands of times per minute for each spark plug in the engine. The modern spark plug is designed to start umteen thousands of miles before it requires replacement. These electrical wonders come in many configurations and heat ranges to work properly in a given engine.The heat range of a spark plug dictates whether it will be igneous enough to burn off any residue that collects on the tip, but n ot so hot that it will cause pre-ignition in the engine. Pre-ignition is caused when a spark plug is so hot, that it begins to glow and ignite the fuel-air mixture prematurely, before the spark. almost spark plugs contain a resistor to suppress tuner interference. The gap on a spark plug is also important and must be set before the spark plug is installed in the engine. If the gap is correspondingwise wide, there may not be enough voltage to jump the gap, make a misfire.If the gap is too small, the spark may be inadequate to ignite a lean fuel-air mixture, also causing a misfire. The Electronic Ignition System (from 1970s to today) In the electronic ignition system, the points and condenser were replaced by electronics. On these systems, there were several regularitys used to replace the points and condenser in order to trigger the coil to fire. One method used a metal bicycle with teeth, usually one for each cylinder. This is called an armature or reluctor. A magnetic pickup coil senses when a tooth passes and sends a channelize to the control faculty to fire the coil.Other systems used an electric eye with a shutter wheel to send a signal to the electronics that it was time to trigger the coil to fire. These systems still need to capture the initial timing ad scarceed by rotating the distributor trapping. The advantage of this system, aside from the fact that it is maintenance free, is that the control module can handle much higher primary voltage than the mechanical points. Voltage can even be stepped up before sending it to the coil, so the coil can create a much hotter spark, on the order of 50,000 volts instead of 20,000 volts that is common with the mechanical systems.These systems only have a single wire from the ignition switch to the coil since a primary resistor is no longer needed. On some vehicles, this control module was mounted inside the distributor where the points used to be mounted. On other designs, the control module was mounted outside the distributor with external wiring to connect it to the pickup coil. On many General Motors engines, the control module was inside the distributor and the coil was mounted on cabbage of the distributor for a one piece unitized ignition system. GM called it High Energy Ignition or HEI for short.The higher voltage that these systems provided allow the use of a much wider gap on the spark plugs for a longer, fatter spark. This bigger spark also allowed a leaner mixture for better fuel economy and still insure a smooth running engine. The early electronic systems had limited or no computing power, so timing still had to be set manually and there was still a centrifugal and void advance built into the distributor. On some of the later systems, the inside of the distributor is empty and all triggering is performed by a sensor that watches a notched wheel attached to either the crankshaft or the camshaft.These devices are called Crankshaft Position Sensor or Camshaft Position Sensor. In these systems, the job of the distributor is solely to distribute the spark to the correct cylinder through the distributor cap and rotor. The computer handles the timing and any timing advance necessary for the smooth running of the engine. The Distributorless Ignition system (from 1980s to today) Newer automobiles have evolved from a mechanical system (distributor) to a completely solid state electronic system with no moving parts. These systems are completely controlled by the on-board computer.In place of the distributor, there are quaternate coils that each serve one or two spark plugs. A typical 6 cylinder engine has 3 coils that are mounted together in a coil pack. A spark plug wire comes out of each side of the individual coil and goes to the appropriate spark plug. The coil fires both spark plugs at the same time. One spark plug fires on the compression stroke igniting the fuel-air mixture to produce power, while the other spark plug fires on the exhaust stroke and does nothing. On some vehicles, there is an individual coil for each cylinder mounted directly on top of the spark plug.This design completely eliminates the high tension spark plug wires for even better reliability. Most of these systems use spark plugs that are designed to last over 100,000 miles, which cuts down on maintenance costs. 2. 2 TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS The transmission is a device that is connected to the back of the engine and sends the power from the engine to the drive wheels. An automobile engine runs at its best at a certain RPM (Revolutions Per Minute) range and it is the transmissions job to make sure that the power is delivered to the wheels while keeping the engine within that range.Transmission Components The modern automatic transmission consists of many components and systems that are designed to work together in a symphony of clever mechanical, hydraulic and electrical technology that has evolved over the years into what many mechanically inclined indivi duals consider to be an art form. The main components that make up an automatic transmission include Planetary Gear Sets which are the mechanical systems that provide the various forward gear ratios as well as reverse. The Hydraulic System which uses a special transmission fluid sent under wardrobe by an Oil substance through the Valve Body to control the Clutches and the Bands in order to control the planetary gear sets. Seals and Gaskets are used to keep the oil where it is supposed to be and prevent it from leaking out. The Torque Converter which acts like a clutch to allow the vehicle to come to a stop in gear while the engine is still running. The Governor and the Modulator or Throttle Cable that monitor speed and throttle position in order to determine when to shift. On newer vehicles, shift points are controlled by Computer which directs electrical solenoids to shift oil flow to the appropriate component at the right instant. 2. 3 The Cooling System The cooling system is ma de up of the passages inside the engine block and heads, a water pump to circulate the coolant, a thermostat to control the temperature of the coolant, a radiator to cool the coolant, a radiator cap to control the pressure in the system, and some plumbing consisting of interconnecting waters to transfer the coolant from the engine to the radiator.A cooling system works by sending a liquid coolant through passages in the engine block and heads. As the coolant flows through these passages, it picks up heat from the engine. The heated fluid then makes its way through a rubber hose to the radiator in the front of the car. As it flows through the thin tubes in the radiator, the hot liquid is cooled by the air stream entering the engine compartment from the grill in front of the car. Once the fluid is cooled, it returns to the engine to absorb more heat. The water pump has the job of keeping the fluid moving through this system of plumbing and hidden passages. pic A thermostat is placed between the engine and the radiator to make sure that the coolant stays above a certain predetermined temperature. If the coolant temperature falls below this temperature, the thermostat blocks the coolant flow to the radiator, forcing the fluid instead through a spread directly back to the engine. The coolant will continue to circulate like this until it reaches the design temperature, at which point, the thermostat will open a valve and allow the coolant back through the radiator. In order to prevent the coolant from boiling, the cooling system is designed to be pressurized.Under pressure, the boiling point of the coolant is raised considerably. However, too much pressure will cause hoses and other parts to burst, so a system is needed to relieve pressure if it exceeds a certain point. The job of maintaining the pressure in the cooling system belongs to the radiator cap. The cap is designed to release pressure if it reaches the contract upper limit that the system was designed to handle. Prior to the 70s, the cap would release this extra pressure to the pavement. Since then, a system was added to capture any released fluid and memory it temporarily in a reserve tank.This fluid would then return to the cooling system after the engine cooled down. This is what is called a closed cooling system. Circulation The coolant follows a path that takes it from the water pump, through passages inside the engine block where it collects the heat produced by the cylinders. It then flows up to the cylinder head (or heads in a V type engine) where it collects more heat from the combustion put ups. It then flows out past the thermostat (if the thermostat is opened to allow the fluid to pass), through the upper radiator hose and into the radiator.The coolant flows through the thin flattened tubes that make up the core of the radiator and is cooled by the air flow through the radiator. From there, it flows out of the radiator, through the lower radiator hose and back to the water pump. By this time, the coolant is cooled off and ready to collect more heat from the engine. The Components of a Cooling System The Radiator Radiator Cooling Fans Pressure Cap & Reserve tank Water Pump thermoregulator Bypass System Head Gaskets & Intake Manifold Gaskets HosesThe Radiator The radiator core is usually made of flattened aluminum tubes with aluminum strips that zig between the tubes. These fins transfer the heat in the tubes into the air stream to be carried away from the vehicle. On each end of the radiator core is a tank, usually made of plastic that covers the ends of the radiator, Radiator Fans Mounted on the back of the radiator on the side closest to the engine is one or two electric fans inside a housing that is designed to protect fingers and to direct the air flow.These fans are there to keep the air flow going through the radiator while the vehicle is going sulky or is stopped with the engine running. Water Pump The water pump is made up of a housing, usually made of cast iron or cast aluminum and an impeller mounted on a spinning shaft with a pulley attached to the shaft on the outside of the pump body. A seal keeps fluid from leaking out of the pump housing past the spinning shaft. The impeller uses centrifugal force to draw the coolant in from the lower radiator hose and send it under pressure into the engine block.There is a flatulencyket to seal the water pump to the engine block and prevent the flowing coolant from leaking out where the pump is attached to the block.. Thermostat The thermostat is simply a valve that measures the temperature of the coolant and, if it is hot enough, opens to allow the coolant to flow through the radiator. If the coolant is not hot enough, the flow to the radiator is blocked and fluid is directed to a get around system that allows the coolant to return directly back to the engine. The heart of a thermostat is a sealed copper cup that contains wax and a metal pellet.As the thermost at heats up, the hot wax expands, pushing a plunger against spring pressure to open the valve and allow coolant to circulate. Bypass System This is a passage that allows the coolant to bypass the radiator and return directly back to the engine. Some engines use a rubber hose, or a fixed steel tube. In other engines, there is a cast in passage built into the water pump or front housing. Head Gaskets and Intake Manifold Gaskets All internal combustion engines have an engine block and one or two cylinder heads. The mating surfaces where the block and head meet are machined flat or a close, precision fit, but no amount of careful machining will allow them to be completely water tight or be able to hold back combustion gases from escaping past the mating surfaces. In order to seal the block to the heads, we use a head gasket. The head gasket has several things it needs to seal against. The main thing is the combustion pressure on each cylinder. Oil and coolant must easily flow between b lock and head and it is the job of the head gasket to keep these fluids from leaking out or into the combustion chamber, or each other for that matter.A typical head gasket is usually made of soft sheet metal that is stamped with ridges that butt all leak points. When the head is placed on the block, the head gasket is sandwiched between them. Many bolts, called head bolts are screwed in and tightened down causing the head gasket to splash and form a tight seal between the block and head. Head gaskets usually fail if the engine overheats for a sustained period of time causing the cylinder head to warp and release pressure on the head gasket.This is most common on engines with cast aluminum heads, which are now on just about all modern engines. Hoses There are several rubber hoses that make up the plumbing to connect the components of the cooling system. These hoses are designed to withstand the pressure inside the cooling system. Because of this, they are subject to wear and tear and eventually may require replacing as part of mo maintenance. If the rubber is beginning to look dry and cracked, or becomes soft and spongy, or you notice some ballooning at the ends, it is time to replace them.The main radiator hoses are usually molded to a shape that is designed to rout the hose around obstacles without kinking. 2. 4 ENGINES (INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES) PETROL ENGINES Internal combustion gasoline engines run on a mixture of gasoline and air. The ideal mixture is 14. 7 parts of air to one part of gasoline (by weight. ) Since gas weighs much more than air, we are talking about a whole lot of air and a tiny bit of gas. One part of gas that is completely volatilised into 14. 7 parts of air can produce tremendous power when ignited inside an engine.Air enters the engine through the air cleaner and carry on to the throttle plate. You control the amount of air that passes through the throttle plate and into the engine with the gas pedal. It is then distributed thr ough a series of passages called the dream manifold, to each cylinder. At some point after the air cleaner, depending on the engine, fuel is added to the air-stream by either a fuel injection system or, in older vehicles, by the carburetor. Once the fuel is vaporized into the air stream, the mixture is drawn into each cylinder as that cylinder begins its intake stroke.When the speculator reaches the bottom of the cylinder, the intake valve closes and the speculator begins moving up in the cylinder compressing the charge. When the piston reaches the top, the spark plug ignites the fuel-air mixture causing a powerful expansion of the gas, which pushes the piston back down with enormous force against the crankshaft. Engine Types The majority of engines in motor vehicles today are four-stroke, spark-ignition internal combustion engines. The exceptions like the diesel and set engines will not be covered in this article.There are several engine types which are identified by the numb er of cylinders and the way the cylinders are laid out. Motor vehicles will have from 3 to 12 cylinders which are arranged in the engine block in several configurations. The most popular of them are shown on the left. In-line engines have their cylinders arranged in a row. 3, 4, 5 and 6 cylinder engines unremarkably use this arrangement. The V arrangement uses two banks of cylinders side-by-side and is commonly used in V-6, V-8, V-10 and V-12 configurations. Flat engines use two opposing banks of cylinders and are less common than the other two designs.They are used in engines from Subaru and Porsche in 4 and 6 cylinder arrangements as well as in the old VW beetles with 4 cylinders. Flat engines are also used in some Ferraris with 12 cylinders Most engine blocks are made of cast iron or cast aluminum.. Each cylinder contains a piston that travels up and down inside the cylinder bore. All the pistons in the engine are connected through individual connecting rods to a common cranksha ft. The crankshaft is located below the cylinders on an in-line engine, at the base of the V on a V-type engine and between the cylinder banks on a flat engine.As the pistons move up and down, they turn the crankshaft just like a bicycle riders legs will pump up and down to turn the crank that is connected to the pedals of a bicycle. A cylinder head is bolted to the top of each bank of cylinders to seal the individual cylinders and contain the combustion process that takes place inside the cylinder. Most cylinder heads are made of cast aluminum or cast iron. The cylinder head contains at least one intake valve and one exhaust valve for each cylinder. This allows the air-fuel mixture to enter the cylinder and the burnt-out exhaust gas to exit the cylinder.Engines have at least two valves per cylinder, one intake valve and one exhaust valve. Many newer engines are using multiple intake and exhaust valves per cylinder for increased engine power and efficiency. These engines are sometim es named for the number of valves that they have such as 24 Valve V6 which indicates a V-6 engine with four valves per cylinder. Modern engine designs can use anywhere from 2 to 5 valves per cylinder. The valves are opened and closed by means of a camshaft. A camshaft is a rotating shaft that has individual lobes for each valve.The lobe is a bump on one side of the shaft that pushes against a valve booster rocket moving it up and down. When the lobe pushes against the lifter, the lifter in turn pushes the valve open. When the lobe rotates away from the lifter, the valve is closed by a spring that is attached to the valve. A common configuration is to have one camshaft located in the engine block with the lifters connecting to the valves through a series of linkages. The camshaft must be synchronized with the crankshaft so that the camshaft makes one revolution for every two revolutions of the crankshaft.In most engines, this is done by a Timing Chain (similar to a bicycle chain) th at connects the camshaft with the crankshaft. Newer engines have the camshaft located in the cylinder head directly over the valves. This design is more efficient but it is more costly to manufacture and requires multiple camshafts on Flat and V-type engines. It also requires much longer timing chains or timing belts which are prone to wear. Some engines have two camshafts on each head, one for the intake valves and one for the exhaust valves. These engines are called Double smasher Camshaft (D. O. H. C. Engines while the other type is called Single Overhead Camshaft (S. O. H. C. ) Engines. Engines with the camshaft in the block are called Overhead Valve (O. H. V) Engines. How an Engine Works The four strokes are Intake, Compression, Power and Exhaust. The piston travels down on the Intake stroke, up on the Compression stroke, down on the Power stroke and up on the Exhaust stroke. Intake As the piston starts down on the Intake stroke, the intake valve opens and the fuel-air mixture is drawn into the cylinder (similar to drawing back the plunger on a hypodermic prick to allow fluid to be drawn into the chamber. When the piston reaches the bottom of the intake stroke, the intake valve closes, trapping the air-fuel mixture in the cylinder. Compression The piston moves up and compresses the trap air fuel mixture that was brought in by the intake stroke. The amount that the mixture is compressed is determined by the compression ratio of the engine. The compression ratio on the average engine is in the range of 81 to 101. This means that when the piston reaches the top of the cylinder, the air-fuel mixture is squeezed to about one tenth part of its original volume. PowerThe spark plug fires, igniting the compressed air-fuel mixture which produces a powerful expansion of the vapor. The combustion process pushes the piston down the cylinder with great force turning the crankshaft to provide the power to propel the vehicle. Each piston fires at a different time, dete rmined by the engine firing order. By the time the crankshaft completes two revolutions, each cylinder in the engine will have gone through one power stroke. Exhaust With the piston at the bottom of the cylinder, the exhaust valve opens to allow the burned exhaust gas to be expelled to the exhaust system.Since the cylinder contains so much pressure, when the valve opens, the gas is expelled with a violent force (that is why a vehicle without a muffler sounds so loud. ) The piston travels up to the top of the cylinder pushing all the exhaust out before closing the exhaust valve in preparation for starting the four stroke process over again. Oiling System Oil is the life-blood of the engine. Oil is pumped under pressure to all the moving parts of the engine by an oil pump. The oil pump is mounted at the bottom of the engine in the oil pan and is connected by a gear to either the crankshaft or the camshaft.This way, when the engine is turning, the oil pump is pumping. Engine Balance Th e Flywheel for a four cylinder engine produces a power stroke every half crankshaft revolution, an eight cylinder, every quarter revolution. This means that a V8 will be smother running than a four cylinder engine. To keep the combustion pulses from generating a vibration, a flywheel is attached to the back of the crankshaft. The flywheel is a disk that is about 12 to 15 inches in diameter. On a standard transmission car, the flywheel is a heavy iron disk that doubles as part of the clutch system. The flywheel uses inertia to smooth out the normal engine pulses.DIESEL ENGINESpic A diesel engine is an internal combustion engine that uses the heat of compression to initiate ignition to burn the fuel, which is injected into the combustion chamber during the final stage of compression. This is in contrast to a petrol engine (known as a gasoline engine in North America) or gas engine (using a gaseous fuel, not gasoline), which uses the Otto cycle, in which an air-fuel mixture is ignited by a spark plug. The diesel cycle was invented by German lead Rudolf Diesel and it has the highest thermal efficiency of any regular internal or external combustion engine due to its very high compression ratio.Low-speed diesel engines (as used in ships and other applications where overall engine weight is relatively unimportant) often have a thermal efficiency which exceeds 50 percent. Diesel engines are manufactured in two stroke and four stroke versions. They were originally used as a more efficient replacement for stationary steam engines. The diesel internal combustion engine differs from the gasoline powered Otto cycle by using highly compressed, hot air to ignite the fuel quite an than using a spark plug (compression ignition rather than spark ignition).In the true diesel engine, only air is initially introduced into the combustion chamber. The air is then compressed with a compression ratio typically between 15 and 22 resulting into a 40-bar (4. 0MPa 580psi) pressure comp ared to 8 to 14 nix (0. 80 to 1. 4MPa) (about 200 psi) in the petrol engine. This high compression heats the air to 550C (1,022F). At about this moment, fuel is injected directly into the compressed air in the combustion chamber. This may be into a (typically toroidal) void in the top of the piston or a pre-chamber depending upon the design of the engine.The fuel injector ensures that the fuel is mixed-up down into small droplets, and that the fuel is distributed evenly. The heat of the compressed air vaporizes fuel from the surface of the droplets. The vapour is then ignited by the heat from the compressed air in the combustion chamber, the droplets continue to vaporise from their surfaces and burn, getting smaller, until all the fuel in the droplets has been burnt. The start of vaporisation causes a delay period during ignition, and the characteristic diesel knocking sound as the vapor reaches ignition temperature and causes an abrupt increase in pressure above the piston.The ra pid expansion of combustion gases then drives the piston downward, supplying power to the crankshaft. Major advantages Diesel engines have several advantages over other internal combustion engines They burn less fuel than a petrol engine performing the same work, due to the engines higher temperature of combustion and greater expansion ratio. Gasoline engines are typically 25 percent efficient while diesel engines can convert over 30 percent of the fuel energy into mechanical energy. They have no high-tension electrical ignition system to attend to, resulting in high reliability and easy adaptation to damp environments.The absence of coils, spark plug wires, etc. , also eliminates a source of radio frequency emissions which can interfere with navigation and communication equipment, which is especially important in marine and aircraft applications. They can deliver much more of their rated power on a continuous basis than a petrol engine. The life of a diesel engine is generally about twice as long as that of a petrol engine due to the increased strength of parts used, also because diesel fuel has better lubrication properties than petrol. Diesel fuel is considered safer than petrol in many applications.Although diesel fuel will burn in open air using a wick, it will not explode and does not release a large amount of flammable vapor. The low vapor pressure of diesel is especially advantageous in marine applications, where the accumulation of explosive fuel-air mixtures is a particular hazard. For the same reason, diesel engines are immune to vapor locking. For any given partial load the fuel efficiency (mass burned per energy produced) of a diesel engine remains nearly constant, as opposed to petrol and turbine engines which use proportionally more fuel with partial power outputs. They generate less waste heat in cooling and exhaust. As with petrol engines, there are two classes of diesel engines in current use two-stroke and four-stroke. The four-stroke type is the chaste version, tracing its lineage back to Rudolf Diesels prototype. It is also the most commonly used form, being the preferred power source for many motor vehicles, especially buses and trucks. more larger engines, such as used for railroad locomotion and marine propulsion, are often two-stroke units, offering a more favourable power-to-weight ratio, as well as better fuel economy.The most powerful engines in the world are two-stroke diesels of mammoth dimensions. Two-stroke diesel operation is similar to that of petrol counterparts, except that fuel is not mixed with air before induction, and the crankcase does not take an active role in the cycle. Normally, the number of cylinders are used in multiples of two, although any number of cylinders can be used as long as the load on the crankshaft is counterbalanced to prevent excessive vibration. The inline-six cylinder design is the most fertile in light to medium-duty engines, though small V8 and larger inline-four displacement engines are also common.Five cylinder diesel engines have also been produced, being a compromise between the smooth running of the six cylinder and the space-efficient dimensions of the four cylinder. CHAPTER THREE 3. 0 PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED Below are some of the problems I encountered in the course of my industrial attachment initial difficulty in carrying out certain laborious jobs, such as tightening/ loosening of nuts and bolts lack of technological know how on what to do without close supervision, during the first few weeks of attachment. Restricted relations with staffs, during my first few weeks of attachment, due to unfamiliarity . initial difficulty in fitting into the workshops employments, and Initial difficulty in navigating the workshop. 3. 1 CONCLUSION/ RECOMMENDATION Haven fully participated in the Students Industrial Work Experience scheme(SIWES) programme, which allowed me to experience and practice first hand, the practical aspects of my chosen fi eld of study I wish to make the following recommendations 1.That the authorities in-charge should ensure better welfare for students carrying out the SIWES programme. 2. The Industrial Training Fund officials and university based supervisors should be encouraged to pay more visits to thier students on attachment, so as to cut down cases of students refusing to participate in the training. 3. The various companies students are attached to should ensure better welfare for students attached to their various organizations. 4. The safety of students in the SIWES programme should be uppermost in the minds of managers in the various companies students in this programme are attached.Hence safety gadgets/wears/equipments should be provided for students at places of attachment as this would reduce the risk of accidents. 5. The organizations should ensure that the students attached to their respective firms are properly motivated. 3. 2 REFERENCE TECHNICAL KNOW HOW A MANUAL FOR DELTA STEEL COM PANY TRANEES(1989) WIKIPEDIA APPLIED THERMODYNAMICS, BY MACKONKEY. (1990) Figure 1 Organizational Set-up for delta steel company Nigeria Limited Monitoring Unit Rolling millBoard of Directors General Manager Audit Unit Legal Services/Company secretarial assistant Assistant General Manager buying Statistics/Planning S. M. S Administrative/Finance Pellet plant Supporting Staff Preventive maitainance Over hauling workshop Welding/Fabrication vulcanizing Billing Cashier Packing Officer Accountant Cashier I Managing Director Workshop Supervisor Admin. Manager Purchasing/Supply Security Stores Secretary Supply Stores Officer Clerks Auto electrical Figure 3 Organ gram for the heavy duty department.