Over-Crowded Classroom and Students Attitude Towards Learning Essay

Table 1. Class by Class Enrolment of Grade 4 pupils of four selected schools. Class Section| Digos CentralElementary School| Rhema King’s KidAcademy| Sta. MariaElementary School| Sta. Cruz Elementary School| A| | | | | B| | | | | C| | | | | D| | | | | Table2. Problems of over-crowded classroom and student-teacher interactions. Please make how much you agree or disagree with each of the following: | StronglyDisagree| Disagree| Agree| StronglyAgree| 5| 1. Noise-making is very rampant during lessons.| | | | | | 2. Securing students total attention during lesson is almost impossible.| | | | | | 3. Many pupils at the back do not participate much in the lesson.| | | | | | 4. Quiet students often get rejected.| | | | | | 5. Only brilliant students answer questions in class.| | | | | | 6. Teachers questions cannot spread round the class.| | | | | | 7. Teachers movements restricted to the front of the class Because students’ chairs and tables have locked every space.| | | | | | 8. Teachers cannot move around the class to mark students assignment.| | | | | | 9. It is impossible to catch students cheating.| | | | | | 10. Late-comers sneak in unnoticed.| | | | | | 11. It is difficult for teachers to see students who are not paying attention.| | | | | | 12. Truants go unnoticed in the class.| | | | | | 13. Teaching aids cannot go round everybody.| | | | | | Table 3. Please mark how well you think the following statements describe you: | Not at allLike Me| Not muchLike Me| SomewhatLike Me| A lotLike Me| 1. I really want to learn.| | | | | 2. I participate regularly in class.| | | | | 3. I often need extra help with homework.| | | | | 4. I try my best but it doesn’t help me do well.| | | | | 5. I usually bored with what we study in class.| | | | | 6. The topics I am studying in school are Interesting and challenging.| | | | | 7. I can do better work than I’m doing now.| | | | | Thinking of the teachers you have in class, how would you grade them in these areas. | Failing â€Å"F†| Poor â€Å"D†| Fair â€Å"C†| Good â€Å"B†| Excellentâ€Å"A†| 1. Well organized.| | | | | | 2. Communicates clearly.| | | | | | 3. Explains material.| | | | | | 4. Teachers a variety of perspectives.| | | | | | 5. High expectations for all students.| | | | | | 6. Understands subject matters very well.| | | | | | 7. Treat students equally.| | | | | | 8. | | | | | |

Feminism vs misandry

The feminist agenda is not about equal rights for women. It is about a socialist, anti- family political movement that encourages women to leave their husbands, kill their children, practice witchcraft, destroy capitalism, and become lesbians† claimed Pat Robertson, an obviously extreme conservative with very strong opinions. Unfortunately, he has no proof to back his Idea up because even the commonly used dictionary dis-mantles his argument. Feminism and misandry, or man-hating, are very different but are commonly synonymized and generalized for five main reasons.This occurs so that men and women who dont want to deal with the real problem of sexism can paint one giant picture of radicalism and be done with the issue. According to Sam Killerman, a writer who travels the country speaking out against oppression of any sort, there are five main reasons why so many people believe that feminists are man haters; one of those being generalization. Due to the fact that some individual feminists hate men, people like to assume that all feminists hate men. But â€Å"a portion does not equal the whole, even If that portion Is really loud (killerman).And that's the thing; theVre not even that loud! Anti-feminists like to, as Sam would say, â€Å"cherry pick† quotes and apply them to the whole to make their argument stronger even though It's an Inaccurate portrayal of what the whole Is actually like. Most feminists would disagree with the statement that they hate men (Killerman). They stand for what feminism stands for; equality for all, no matter your gender. However, In all fairness, It would be a fallacy to say that misandrists dldnt exist, but Lindy West an American author and newspaper editor argues that the innocent become the guilty through self-fulfilling prophecy.If people keep pinning feminists against men eventually feminists will start hating men (West). The reason being: that is not the truth and the fact that people keep synonymizing misandry wi th feminism will of course lead the one being accused to hate the accuser, which in this case Is generalized as mem But the hate would be for the sin, not the sinner; feminists hate the lie, not the liar. Unfortunately, as stated previously anti-feminists cherry pick what will make their argument seem the most correct (Killerman).Killerman seconds West's self-fulfilling prophecy with the thought that for 200 years e have been spoon fed that feminists hate men so what else are we to believe. This is the second reason feminism and misandry are constantly synonymized. The first feminist to start advocating for equal rights was in the 1 700s but it â€Å"didn't pick up steam† until the late 1800s and the even then the wants of these women hadn't changed much. They primarily asked for the right to vote, to own property, and to attend college. These â€Å"radical demands† were met with labels such as anti-God, antl- family, and of course, anti-men.And people thought the wome n were being ridiculous. However, the saying does go that power corrupts and these men in power at the time would do anything to keep It, including falsely classifying an entire demographic (Killerman). And naturally when someone in power claims something it is believed without any further thought as to why this might be true, so feminists galnea tne tltle 0T man naters ana Trom tnat polnt on people nave always synonymized the two. The third reason Sam gives for this misconception goes back to his first point. The accused hating the accuser is why we said women start to hate men, a self-fulfilling prophecy.But the same goes for the men. When they think there entire gender is being labeled as rapists and evil naturally they are going to start hating the people that think this. (Killerman) Men have been told that all feminists label them as said things so they, not wanting to be grouped into such categories start firing their own missiles of distain and disagreement. Speaking of dista in that brings us to Killermans fourth reason why man y people think feminists hate men. Even though feminism believes in equal rights for all ,regardless of their anatomy, most feminists tend to focus on only the issues acing the female population (Killerman).This made the men feel left out and like their issues weren't as important as women's which naturally makes them bitter. Allie Rowbottom who has an undergraduate in sexuality and gender studies examines this issue a bit. She counters that argument with the fact that without the feminist movement nothing would have changed for the men either. â€Å"Women would still be in the kitchen, and men would still be on the battlefield. (Mudd)† So feminists continue to get a bad name even though they changing things for both genders, Killerman and Rowbottom agree this is a bit contradictory.Men unfortunately aren't the only ones who blow things out of proportion when it comes to feminism. The media and especially people in power ( specifically men) like to believe â€Å"instead of dealing with inequality and giving up a bit of unearned power, it's far more fruitful to change the conversation and put the oppressed group on the defensive. (Killerman)† They sensationalize and radicalize what feminists are doing and put the people who support the movement on the defensive so they can make the group seem even more radical. And this doesn't Just happen with feminism; this happens with other major ssues as well.Stereotypes exist for everyone no matter your skin color, gender, or sexuality. And unfortunately the people who have the power to change these things would rather sensationalize them than actually solve them. (Killerman) And according to a study on media sensationalism, unless people are educated on the issue they will never really know that there is a problem in the way our news is fed to us. (Reisenwitz) In conclusion, the fact that feminism is constantly synonymized with misandry is a horrible misc onception. They are not the same thing, even the dictionary agrees.The five main reasons this occurs is because of generalization, it's all people have ever been told, because men hate to be generalized, because men become angry that their issues take a back seat, and because the issues are sensationalized making the supporters seem radical. The only way to change this vicious stereotype is to change the way we think. We need to start holding our powerful people accountable for the things they say and start weeding the truth from the lies. Only then can we work together to create a world where what gender you are or claim to be doesn't effect the benefits you receive.

Music and Painting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Music and Painting - Essay Example Both music and painting are the visualizations of a theme. The painter or the musician through their works expresses the theme in their own style and pattern. For example, a musician who wanted to create a happy or thrilling mood among audience will make use of fast and pleasant music notes. On the other hand a painter who wanted to portray the dark side of our life may make use of colors like black and gray or a mixture of colors to express his ideas. Both music and painting are mood creative art forms. The person who witnesses the painting or hearing the music will definitely change his moods. For example it is often argued that hearing music will reduce stress and in some cases music therapy can be effective in curing some stress related diseases. Music always changes the moods of the listener. The listener will be forced to follow the moods generated by the music. For example, a person who listens a sad music will be in that mood while who listens fast numbers might be in a thrilling mood. On the other hand watching good paintings will also changes the moods of a person. Good paintings will force the person who watches it to think in terms of the theme provided by the painting. Or in other words paintings always lead us to another forgotten world of our life. Music is an audible art while painting is a visual art. We are using our eyes to enjoy the artistic works while we are utilizing our ears to enjoy the music. Our senses ar e responsible for creating positive and negative thoughts in our minds. It is only through our senses the brain identify the surroundings. Music and painting can enlighten our visible and audible senses.

Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 64

Assignment - Essay Example These rights normally depend on the reason for which this debt came about as well as the terms that have been agreed upon between the two parties to the debt (Twomey & Jennings, 2010). Their rights tend to also deal with the rights of creditors against other creditors. These legislations determine which of several creditors have the right to a particular debtor’s property in cases whereby more than one creditor lays a claim on a given debtor’s property. These creditors may be divided those who perfected their own interest by establishing a suitable public record of the said debt and any other property that is claimed as collateral for this debt and also by if the given debt came to be as a purchase money security interest (Twomey & Jennings, 2010). Creditors may request a court of law to set aside a fraudulent conveyance that is designed to put the property owned by the debtors out of the creditors’ reach. In Nebraska, property or money of a limited liability company cannot be seized by creditors in order to pay off the personal liabilities or debts of the owners of the limited liability company (Gless, 2008). If Adam opts to change his company to a limited liability company, Benhur as well as other creditors to the business will have to be aware of these rights and limitations in case the business acquires this legal status. However, there are other means through which creditors may use to go after the company while trying to recover the debts personally owed by the owner of the business (Gless, 2008). The state of Nebraska allows personal creditors of a LLC owner to get a charging order that is drawn against the membership interest of the owner. This is an order that is given by a court of law directing the business manager to authorize payment to the business owner’s personal creditor any profits or income that would otherwise have been distributed to the debtor-member. It should however be remembered that creditors

The Solution to Solve The Gap Between Chinese Students and Native Essay

The Solution to Solve The Gap Between Chinese Students and Native American Students - Essay Example This small skills will advance into ‘small talks’ and this will lead to common understanding of other bigger topics between the students. They should also focus on listening, speaking which develops into the soft skills and hence they will find themselves engaging in casual talks and improve their activity in class. The American students feel that it’s the role of the institution to increase intercultural interactions to link the cultural gap (Brisk 2006). However the American students have their responsibility to tolerate the other student’s culture through peer pairing for students to collaborate outside the classroom and enhance cultural interactions between them. They should work in intercultural groups to reduce cultural stereotypes hence increasing the desire to work with people of different culture and this will lead to cultural tolerance of the American students to the other student’s cultures. Students should also practice residential programs such as activities in the student hostels for both international and domestic students to increase their cultural friendliness and tolerance (Brisk, 2006). In order to be prepared for the future economy with the Chinese economy, American student ought to appreciate the incorporation of some of the needful Chinese syllabus into their curriculum in their education system as one of the strategies towards equipping these students for the future task in the states economy (Brisk,

Public Relations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 3

Public Relations - Essay Example Wilcox (2011), stated that public relations might comprise the following activities, training of a company’s employees, conservation of the environment, compensation of damages or lives lost because of a tragedy caused by the activities of an organisation. Public relations in BP plc BP plc is a British multinational oil and gas company that has faced constrained public relations over the past years. According to studies by Reed (2011), BP plants have had the highest number of industrial accidents among gas and oil companies, which have resulted in the loss of lives and severe environmental pollution. The most memorable industrial accident that BP suffered was the DeepWater Horizon oilrig explosion that further resulted to oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico in the year 2010. Reed (2011) further pointed out that the DeepWater Horizon explosion resulted to loss of lives and injuries. Because of these recurring accidents, the company has suffered negative publicity, which has amounte d to doubts being raised about how BP handles its industrial accidents. With the aim to correct this negative publicity, the organization is bound to build a mutual co-existence with the locals in the areas that the company operates. Secondly, the company should employ compensation measures as a public relations strategy and focus on enhancing its internal organizational image, that is to say, how the workers view and feel about the company (Seitel, 2010). BP’s public relations measures from the organizational perspective . In order to maintain positive working environment and efficient working relationship between the workers and the organization’s management, the company should consider compensating the victims and family members of any person who lost his or her life during any accident involving the company. In order to maintain a good organizational image, BP should establish a special compensation department whose sole mandate is to assess the extent of loss or i njuries suffered by workers while performing their duties. According to Seitel (2010), the compensation granted should not necessarily amount to monetary payments only but it can also be negotiated on the nature of the compensation to be granted. The workers could agree with the company that in case one losses his/ her life because of industrial accident while on duty, the company could alternatively offer an employment opportunity to any member of the deceased family who is eligible for that position or any other vacancy in the organization. With such public relations program arrangement with the staff, the company is bound to enjoy healthy relationship with its workers and further have a flexible means of compensation in case of any industrial accident occurring. BP’s societal public relations measures Apart from building a positive organizational public relation with its staff, the company also has a duty to present itself as part of the solutions to the society’s p roblem and not the problem. According to Wilcox and Cameron (2011), the company should engage in activities that promote the well-being of the immediate society within which the organization operates. In the events of the oil spillage in the Gulf of Mexico, BP faced public outrage from environmental conservatist and the community members who were anglers in the area. The impact of the oil spillage was devastating to the marine life within the location of the spillage. Most notably

Exam3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Exam3 - Essay Example In the 1820s and the 1830s, the scenario was not about excessive trusts running monopolies like the Rockefellers and the other robber barons, or scandals of hedge funds and financial markets like recently witnessed. The 1820s and 1830s were times of excessive banking operations that were thought to stifle the welfare of the ordinary citizen who did not have meaningful financial enlightenment and economic power. Jacksonians therefore viewed themselves as breaking the mighty alliance created by the Federal Bank and the Second Bank of the United States with their massive powers over the economy. The struggle was provoked by the recognition among elites that foreign money from European Jewish investors would give such foreigners excessive power over the very government and the Jacksonians successfully affected a redress. The Jacksonians therefore believed in expanded suffrage, manifest destiny by enriching the whites, patronage of elected officials appointing their supporters to positions and strict constitutionalism to avoid the meddle of the private institutions encroachment of state sovereignty. They believed thus in laissez-faire economics so that individuals would channel their destinies. Jacksonians reviled the centralization of political and economic power in the state. The central government was seen as the enemy of individual liberties and they effectively initiated reforms in the Democratic Party to make useful changes. 2. Use TWO of the following categories to analyze the ways in which African Americans created a distinctive culture in slavery: Family, Music, Oral traditions, Religions. African Americans created distinctive slave cultures due to the conditioning they received from their masters. The interactions between masters and slaves was characterised by indoctrination and Christianization. Whereas the slave always viewed his master as a monarch, their languishing in helplessness would only intensify their quest for spiritual redemption in

Management Theory and Environmental Forces Essay

Management Theory and Environmental Forces - Essay Example As the discussion highlights  in the 21st century organisational structure is based on the mutual interest of the various members, so that people work together in a coordinated manner. An organisation needs to work effectively and provide significant value to various stakeholders. The value based management approach is created through the vertical chain in an organisation. Moreover, an organisation needs to decide how much the value derives from the each different players of the chain. The evolution of the notion of the value based management in an organisation is implemented, as firms need to acquire various recourses during operational process.  This paper stresses that personal social connectivity within and outside an organisation   is advocated to enhance collaboration along with reducing the cost of coordination activities in order to ensure that operations are conducted effectively with related knowledge and interest. People in an organisation having a common interest du e to similarity in working procedure, area, and operational objectives will naturally assist in building a successful social network in an organisation. Thus, it is important for an organisation to provide the maximum value that it can provide to satisfy the stakeholders, which ultimately helps them to increase its wealth. Values are the health of any organisation and it is not only preferable, but also very much essential for its long term sustainability.

Portfolio of work completed with supporting narrative paper Essay

Portfolio of work completed with supporting narrative paper - Essay Example Over the more than 20 years it has been in operation in the industry, it has gained super advantages in terms of the logistics, the production technology and dissemination of information to the market in terms of its sales and marketing ability (SDITC). The company has a history of production of only quality products and does not reciprocate on quality in the market. This goes hand in hand with promotion of excellence in the market that it operates in. some of the products that the company produces are; ceramic tiles, carpet tiles, floor tiles, mosaic marble and many different types of tile products. With an employee total range of 100-500 at any one time in its operation, the company has developed to become a high stake in the industry and with the slightly over 20 years of operation, it has developed a very strong manufacturing in technology based production. Its sales and marketing to the market is also a very efficient strategy in that the company has good customer relations whic h have made it dominate the Chinese market for a good length of time. Therefore, undertaking internship at such a company exposes the subject to very objective experience in the respective field of study. With its technology applications, the company introduces the learner to the most current methods of sales and marketing. Description of Work Experiences A typical day week was comprised of a range of activities that were carried periodically either on day to day basis or weekly basis. There are those activities that were based on appointments and had to be referred to on a weekly basis. As a sales assistant at the company, there was a vast range of activities that were relevant to the course which was being done. One of the duties was that of an assistant sales staff work at the company. In this capacity, the work involved constituted helping potential customers to access purchases at the company. Tracking customers was another sales activity that was involved in at the company. Th is was tracking the orders that the company was to implement. When a company was having a pool of activities involving the use of orders, there was need to get a follow up activity that was used to make the customers be able to create continuous sales activities in the company. Tracking of the orders is used to make a follow up on the orders made to customers so that there is no single lost market for the company. Communication is very important in marketing. This marketing and sales is based on the fact that one is able to communicate and convince the customers to be able to purchase and be able to purchase again when another chance like that presents itself. Sound communication was therefore important in tracking the customers in their whereabouts and then initializing the programs that would make a positive transaction between the company and the customer. Once some of the business activities had been initialized, it was necessary creating a link through the available communicati on channels at the company to make sure that new sales opportunities are created to new customers. This was created through enough business networking through the internet and all the technological sources available. Development of new customers is a very strong progressive step towards the development of the company sales. In creation of new customers, there is always need to create a safe and

Organ Donation- How recipients are chosen and should donors be Research Paper

Organ Donation- How recipients are chosen and should donors be compensated - Research Paper Example Australia is a nation where most of the organs transplantations are carried out successfully (Benedetti, 21). â€Å"People of all ages and background can be used for the process of organ donation. If a person is under 18, then the parent or the guardian must give permission in order to become the donor. If an individual is 18 or older, then the person should be the donor by signing the donor card† (Petechuk, 67). The entire procedures that delegates organs to recipients, who entail them is formulated in a way, so that it is as fair and just as possible without any preferences or biases. The delegation of organs is guided along by protocols, which are mostly formed by the transplantation societies existing in countries. In particular, different groups manage the waiting lists depending on the organ, and the geographical area where the organ recipient resides. When an organ other than kidney is used for transplantation, then it is generally offered to transplant units in that pa rticular state and if there is no appropriate recipient, then the organ is offered to transplant units in another state and geographical jurisdiction, to promote parity (Humar, 31).

Experiences of Child Poverty Essay Example for Free

Experiences of Child Poverty Essay London is the capital of the United Kingdom. The administrative structure in Greater London consists of 32 counties (boroughs) and the City of London, extending over 1584 kilometers  ². The population of London is around 7.5 million however throughout Greater London about 13 million people live. The GDP per capita for The UK is $36,500. London is the richest part of Britain and yet it has the highest rates of poverty in the UK. Lagos is the largest city in Nigeria. With an estimated population of 8.8 million inhabitants in the city, or rather 10. 7 million in the metropolitan area, Lagos is the second largest city in Africa. The UN estimates that at its present growth rate, Lagos state will be third largest mega city in the world by 2015 after Tokyo in Japan and Mumbai in India. Lagos is the main city of the south-western part of Nigeria, Africa. The GDP per capita in Lagos is $3,649. Over 10,000 people arrive at Lagos every week in search of jobs and most end up in the citys mega slum do to the lack of job opportunity. Children living in poverty are those who experience deprivation of the material, spiritual and emotional resources needed to survive, develop and thrive, leaving them unable to enjoy their lives, achieve their full potential or participate as full members of society. The easiest way to quantify child poverty is by setting an absolute or relative monetary threshold. If a family does not earn above that threshold, the children of that family will be considered to live below the poverty line. Absolute poverty thresholds are fixed, whereas relative poverty thresholds are developed with reference to the actual income of the population and reflect changes in consumption. This is not always accurate, as it is only an average and there are people earning millions who affect that average GDP per capita. In poor areas of London there are many problems that face children. The poor areas tend to be in places that lack jobs and job opportunities e.g. Hackney, Such poor areas can really affect the child’s life due to their living conditions. These children are living in relative poverty as they do have access to clean water, food and shelter which is provided by the state, but are considered poor to the rest of society as they can’t afford luxuries and normally depend upon benefits to get though life. These areas that lack job opportunities have high unemployment rates and so people have low incomes and often relate to crime as it is the culture of the area and people feel they do not get enough support from the government and feel let down and ignored. These poor areas are prime spots for drug dealers and drug addicts. This is significantly bad as they have a low income and so can’t afford the drugs and so they use the money which would have been spent on the children E.g. quality food. Rather than spending the money on better quality food they spend it on the drugs they are dependent on as they are addicted and so the child looses out as they tend to be mall nourished. Being mall nourished can increase the chances of becoming ill which then in turn means the child is less likely to spend time in school as they are off ill. This then affects their learning and they under achieve which means they have a less chance of ever getting a job and so they are trapped in the poverty cycle. It is then rely difficult for the children to break out of the poverty cycle due to many factors that affect them. Whereas Children living in the slums of Lagos also suffer from poverty, however the majority live in absolute poverty as they do not always have access to clean water, food and shelter, for example these children don’t have access to clean water and so most of the water is contaminated with diseases like cholera. Allot of children catch cholera from drinking dirty water which makes them ill and as most of the children have no access to health care due to their parents being born they can remain ill for a long time and it can be fatal. Being ill means they cannot help to provide for the family and the money being spent on their health cannot be spent on other vital things like basic food stuffs. It is hard to get out of both cases of poverty; however the children in the slums of Lagos are worse off and have a lower standard of living than the children living in Hackney. The majority of children living in poverty in Lagos are born to poor parents. Because of things like adult poverty, lack of education, unemployment, disabilities and discrimination significantly affect the causes of child poverty. Lack of parental economic resources such as disposable income restricts children’s opportunities and therefore the children are unable to go to school and allot of these children are forced to work. The problem is that allot of these jobs where children are forced to work are very dangerous and can cause injuries, health problems and even death. E.g. the recycling of old oil drums that contain harmful toxins. The main reason why the children in Hackney are trapped in the poverty cycle is because of the parents/Careers as well. The cycle of poverty is when a family remains in poverty over many successive generations. Family issues can play a big part in the reason for the child being submitted to a life of poverty. If the parents get in debt then this can be the cause of allot of stress, this can also cause the child to have stress which can affect their learning ability and health. Stress can also cause breakups between couples; this can lead to single mothers who are left on their own to support the child and themselves, which can also lead to father stress. Most single parents are unemployed because they haft to look after the children and so they rely on benefits. Teen pregnancies in both MEDCs and LEDCs are big causes of child poverty. Children resulting from unwanted pregnancies are more likely to live in poverty; raising a child requires allot of resources, so each additional child increases demands on parental resources. Families raised by a single parent are generally poorer than those raised by couples. This can be a big issue in LEDC countries such as Lagos. Many teens abandon their children as they simply do not have the resources available to support their child as they cannot claim benefits as they do not exist. Where as in MEDCs, teen moms are supported by the government and family. The problem in Lagos is that children generally suffer from absolute poverty; however there is also relative poverty. With absolute poverty children generally do not have what they need. They are short of basic food, water, shelter, clothing and adequate or sufficient health care. Where as in Hackney people do not suffer from absolute poverty and so are better off, however they live in relative poverty that is poverty under relative terms is viewed as being what some people lack in relation to other people. In my opinion the worst experience of child poverty in Lagos would be the lack of Clean water which causes a significant amount of deaths and illnesses and affects the family as a whole as the money used to pay for the child’s healthcare comes from the money normally spent on other necessities like food or education. The government of Nigeria could provide communities with wells however it would cost a phenomenal amount of money , and the majority of the people don’t live on legal grounds as they have just moved there and have not actually paid to live there and so the government would not be allowed to build wells as most of the people don’t have permition to live there in the first place. The worst experiences for children living in Hackney would be the culture of the area and so children grow up with crime related experiences, this then means that most of the children get brought up with crime and this can keep them in the poverty cycle. The government of Britain could increase prison sentences and increase policing in these areas. This policy would be expensive however it would increase the standards of living for these people and help them get out of relative poverty. Both cases of poverty affect the childs opportunities in life. This means they are limited jobs available to them or unemployment if there is a lack of job opportunities. There future generations will probably also live in poverty, whether absolute or relative. They will rarely experience if at all the luxuries and experiences we take for granted. Their only hope getting out of poverty is if the government adopts a poverty reduction strategy paper (PRSP) and use schemes like the growth of the cities and urban development, employment opportunities and poverty reduction and housing schemes. Also the best way to reduce child poverty would be to reduce child labour and increase accessibility to education by building more schools and improving the quality of education. This is a key point that governments need to adopt in order to reduce child poverty and help break the poverty cycle.

Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness

Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness The exact cause of Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness (DOMS) is unknown. It is described as a consequence of mechanical and metabolic stress placed on skeletal muscle fibres. DOMS occurs as a result of microscopic tearing (micro trauma) of the muscle fibres and connective tissues. The extent of the tearing depends on the type of exercise and how vigorously the exercise is performed. Any new movements that a person is not accustomed to, may lead to DOMS. However eccentric muscle contractions seem to cause the most pain. Eccentric muscle movement is any movement that forces the muscle to contract while it lengthens. Contrary to popular belief, DOMS is not related to the buildup of lactic acid in the muscle that occurs after strenuous exercise. Even though lactic acid is a by-product of muscle metabolism, it is removed within the first hour after exercise and does not contribute to the symptoms of DOMS. During a workout, the skeletal muscle swells. The swelling is a result of an influx of white blood cells, prostaglandins, nutrients and fluids that flow into the muscle to repair any damage after a strenuous workout. This damage to the muscle occurs in the myofibrils and the influx of fluids is part of the normal process of repair and growth in the body. Metabolic stress seems to be to most plausible cause of DOMS, but what are these metabolic stresses and are the presence of these molecules necessarily the cause of DOMS? Is it reasonable to believe that the by-products of these cells can be related to the onset of muscle soreness? There is growing evidence that â€Å"free radicals† are a major contributing factor of DOMS. They are an unavoidable by-product of cellular metabolism. These molecules are highly reactive and unstable. The uncertainty of their role comes from the fact that they may not be present in high enough concentrations when DOMS is at its worst. The extreme increase of free radicals seems to occur after the peak decline in muscle function. A study done on the relationship between dehydration and DOMS, (Cleary, 2005), showed that increased body and muscle temperatures during exercise due to lack of fluid intake and dehydration, play a contributing role in micro trauma to the muscle fibres. The high muscle temperatures and resistance exercise result in the denaturing of proteins, and may affect the mechanical properties of the myofibrils, making them more susceptible to damage during eccentric activity. Dehydration and hyperthermia of the muscles may also lead to a disruption of the intercellular calcium regulation and overproduction of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which may also be a contributing factor to the micro-damage during exercise. Characteristics Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness (DOMS) can potentially be perceived as a love / hate relationship by many. A love relationship because DOMS can be viewed as a sign that yesterdays workout was rather effective, but a hate relationship because exercising again within the next day or two wont be comfortable. It can turn a simple walk up a flight of stairs into a painful five minute ordeal. DOMS is a phenomenon experienced by all individuals, no matter their fitness level. If an individual has recently begun exercising, or has just returned to exercising after a long break, they may soon become stiff and sore. This is a normal physiological response to increased exertion on any skeletal muscle. Characterized by an aching, dull pain in the affected muscle, typical symptoms may include:  Muscle tenderness, stiffness and / or soreness (may increase to the level of muscle pain)  Localised swelling (may be considered a cause and contributor to soreness)  Loss of mobility, reduced range of motion and resistance to stretching  Loss of muscle strength  Acute muscle spasms and twitches Symptoms begin to develop 24 48 hours after intense, unfamiliar exercise. The intensity of the symptoms will increase for the first 24 hours, reaching their peak within 72 hours. Thereafter they will begin to subside. Five to seven days after exercise, all symptoms should have disappeared. Muscle pain is not felt when the muscle is at rest, but rather when it is stretched, contracted or put under pressure. Not all symptoms may be present and they are independent of each other. The extent and duration of DOMS may vary from person to person, and the extent of DOMS is often related to the amount of resistance placed on the muscle during the prior exercise. Mechanisms Theodore Hough was the first to describe Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness in 1902. He described DOMS as â€Å"fundamentally the result of ruptures within the muscle†. Today this description is still considered broadly valid, but the cellular mechanisms and etiology are still not fully known. New research shows that there are many theories behind the phenomenon of DOMS, none of which have been fully proven or disproved. It has been suggested that the muscle soreness is a result of an acute inflammatory response, but subsequent research failed to substantiate this theory conclusively. The first theories to emerge attributed DOMS to lactic acid accumulation and oedema of the tissues due to increased hydrogen ions. This is now considered highly unlikely as there is evidence to refute this theory. It has been proven that lactic acid cannot be responsible for the development of muscle spasm and soreness. As stated earlier, it is removed from the muscle within an hour after intense exercise, and soreness only tends to develop 24 hours later. Soreness does not involve the rupture of whole muscle fibres. DOMS results from high tension in the contractile / elastic system in muscles from eccentric exercise. This tension causes the muscle fibres (myofibrils) and connective tissue to become structurally damaged or torn. Damage normally occurs from the ultrastructural disruptions of myofilaments at the z-line, a line that marks the boundary of adjacent sarcomeres. This leads to an imbalance of calcium levels and necrosis of damaged cells and surrounding tissue. Tissue damage and necrosis may be most directly related to the soreness that is experienced. Pain is experienced when the muscle is stretched or palpated because of the increased mechanical sensitivity of nociceptors. The onset of soreness is delayed because the mild inflammatory response that does result from nocioceptor sensitization, is a slow process. The relationship between damage, inflammation and soreness is not yet completely understood, and the most accepted clinical correlates associate DOMS with elevated plasma enzymes, myoglobinemia, and abnormal skeletal muscle histology. Although not fully proven, this theory is most often used to explain the relationship between the symptoms of DOMS and the mechanisms behind it.  High tensions in the contractile / elastic system of the muscle result in structural damage.  Cell membrane damage leads to disruption of calcium homeostasis causing necrosis that peaks between 24 48 hours after exercise.  Products of macrophage activity and intracellular contents accumulate in the interstitial fluid These stimulate the free nerve endings of sensory neurons in the muscles leading to the sensation of DOMS. Treatment A significantly effective treatment method has not yet been established to accelerate the recovery from DOMS. A variety of treatment strategies may assist in alleviating the symptoms and severity of DOMS. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), such as aspirin and ibuprofen, appear to moderately inhibit the inflammatory response and thereby provide pain relief. It has, however, no positive effect on the muscle weakness associated with DOMS. The regular use of NSAIDs could also lead to adverse side effects, primarily upper gastrointestinal ulceration or bleeding due to mucosal damage. Homeopathy is a safe, natural treatment method with very few side effects. Traumeel is an effective homeopathic preparation used as an alternative to NSAIDs for the treatment of inflammatory conditions brought on by exercise-induced micro trauma and other sports injuries. In a double blind clinical trial involving 50 athletes, Jordaan (2005) tested certain inflammation markers such as serum creatine kinase, differential white blood cell levels and serum cortisol. The treatment group showed higher levels of plasma cortisol than the placebo group for up to 96 hours post exercise. Cortisol, a glucocorticoid, will have an anti-inflammatory effect and also slow the migration of phagocytic cells into the area. This effect was illustrated by a significantly lower mean monocyte count in the treatment group in the first 96 hours after exercise, implying reduced macrophage activity. Arnica is another homeopathic remedy that is often used in the treatment of DOMS, but both oral and topical admi nistration of Arnica has so far proven ineffective under clinical trial conditions. Acupuncture and dry needling have also been suggested as an effective treatment for DOMS. Studies show that the best results are achieved when the acupuncture needles are applied directly to the tender points. According to Robertshawe (2009), acupuncture is effective in reducing the perception of pain, but had no significant effect on participants mechanical pain threshold or muscle function after DOMS had been induced. Therapeutic options:  Therapeutic massage stimulates blood circulation to promote healing and repair. Massage has no effect on the improvement of muscle function, except to reduce muscle soreness and oedema.  Cryotherapy (icing) of the injured muscle seems to be the most effective way of reducing muscle pain related to DOMS.  Ultrasound and electrical current modalities has demonstrated little effectiveness in the reduction of symptoms.  Hyperbaric Oxygen therapy, (supersaturating the blood with O2), decreases the healing time of the damaged muscle fibres and connective tissue. Increasing blood oxygen levels leads to improved blood circulation, healing and repair. Exercise:  Light exercise with reduced eccentric movements, have an analgesic effect for the temporary relief of pain.  Gentle stretching has been proven to have little effect on muscle pain, but many athletes have claimed that it simply makes them â€Å"feel better†. Dietary options:  Research has emerged that Vitamin C plays a role in the repair of connective tissue, however this has not yet been proven in any clinical trials.  The use of anti-oxidants prior to exercise, in a fight against the free radical by-products of cellular metabolism, can reduce and possibility prevent DOMS.  Protease supplements have proved to be effective in the prevention and recovery of DOMS. Supplementation may facilitate muscle healing and promote restoration of contractile function. An experimental group demonstrated significantly superior recovery of contractile function and diminished effects of DOMS. Any muscle injury needs rest for the muscle fibres to heal effectively. Most treatment strategies do not promote rapid healing of the damaged tissue, even though they do alleviate the muscle soreness and pain. Exercise-induced muscle damage is a normal response; muscles attempt to protect themselves against repeated exercise sessions, to avoid serious tissue damage. It would appear that even though there are numerous therapies and treatments that are effective in reducing some of the symptoms of DOMS, none of them are able to completely alleviate all of the symptoms or successfully prevent the occurrence of DOMS. Until all the mechanisms of DOMS are better understood, the best cure would be prevention of DOMS by gradual introduction of novel exercise, especially after long periods of inactivity.

Environmental impact of tourism in Romania

Environmental impact of tourism in Romania The Environmental Impact of Tourism in Romania Introduction In this essay the main attention will be focussed on the impact of tourism upon the environment in Romania, so the positive and the negative aspects of tourism will be brought in discussion. In Romania the environment is a factor influencing tourism demand. Given that the demand for products of interest is partly determined by its quality, the environment can have a positive or negative impact on tourism. Tourism-environment relationship is particularly important, protection and conservation of the environment being the primary condition for progress and development of tourism. This link is complex; it is manifested in both directions. The environment is defined as the quality of life of people living and natural environments suitable habitats for animals and plants. The impact of tourism on the environment The positive impact Tourism is one of the most important industries and has developed continuously. Romania is visited by more people which are interested in exploring new destinations and cultures as distant. Thus, areas having special natural resources attract more visitors, especially if they offer the opportunity to know the customs and traditions of other cultures. When tourism and environment coexist in harmony, environment benefits from tourism. There are many examples of this kind, most falling into one of two types: conservation and environmental rehabilitation. Preservation means keeping informed choice and use of the natural and anthropogenic. Conservation and tourism often go hand in hand. In Romania many historical and archaeological monuments have been saved from destruction because of tourist interest to them. In Romania parks and nature reserves managed to protect many species that would otherwise have been destroyed by uncontrolled hunting. Tourism not only provides a reason to preserve the environment from man, but also provides money for conservation: a share of the income from tourism can be used to preserve the environment. In this tourist from all over the world are involved in different touristic programs like hiking the trails of medium and high difficulty , visiting historical monuments and palaeontology, easy routes to points of Belvedere, and Keys resort to Rà ¢usor Buti, trails for ski touring, climbing routes, programs for the study / observation of flora, bird watching and observation traces animals. Conservation implies preservation of the environment in a form as close to the original, rehabilitation involves a major change in the use environment. Many buildings and tourist areas have been saved by being restored as tourist attractions or tourist accommodation.  Ã‚   Many buildings and tourist areas have been saved by being restored as tourist attractions or tourist accommodation. Many factories in Romania began a new life as museums, industrial areas were converted into places of festivals, a variety of impressive castles and houses that were in decay became accommodation for tourists. Such examples show how the environment can benefit from tourism, saving what would otherwise be lost entirely. The most important natural reserve from Romania, natural monument, internationally recognized as a Biosphere Reserve is Retezat National Park. The park contains many touristic attractions such as over 80 lakes, 20 peaks over 2000m, the most extensive and deepest glacial lake in Romania, more than 54 habitats of rare or vulnerable plants and animals, glacial relief in the north and caustic terrain in the south. In this reservation tourist from all over the world are involved in different touristic programs like hiking the trails of medium and high difficulty , visiting historical and paleontological monuments, light trails to points of Belvedere, ski at Rà ¢usor and Cheile Butii, climbing routes, programs for the study and observation of flora, bird watching and observation animal trails. Another international known touristic attraction from Romania is the Danube delta. Tourists from all over the world choose the Danube delta as their holyday destination because of its unique landscapes and habitats. This has a good impact upon the natural reservation, because foreign tourists help raising the money for modernising and maintaining the many and diverse natural habitats in the delta. The negative impact Tourism is a consumer of space and tourist resources, participating default degradation and environmental pollution and tourism potential. This degradation is carried out either by direct pressure of tourists on the landscape, flora and fauna and other tourist attractions on which tourism can partially or totally damaged or recovery by the misconception of some areas, points and tourist attractions. Human pressure on the natural environment increases day by day, people moving more often and longer distances on the past. Leisure offers greater opportunity in the exploitation and conquest of the natural environment, most free time is spent outside the city, in nature. Periodic output of the city to green areas in the form of tours, a weekend or holiday sites has become a social custom with negative environmental effects. Many of the environmental damage caused by tourism are caused by the large number of visitors arriving at destinations whose optimal reception capacity has been exce eded.   Ã‚   Environment rarely escape harm when the number of tourists is very high. Air and water quality and diversity of flora and fauna are inevitably affected in some way, and landscapes, cities and monuments. Movement of uncontrolled tourist sightseeing done in natural or anthropogenic causes of often irreversible destruction of some of the items they have devoted to tourist attractions (the destruction of vegetation and flora, breaking trees and especially juveniles, poaching, degradation of the landscape). Pollution is increasing and because of the nature of automobile tourism whose deleterious effect is alteration of air quality, destruction of grasslands, trees and flora, etc Another way of environmental degradation is the purpose of investment unscientific and irrational nature tourism, investments take the form of: over-dimensioning stations in terms of reception and treatment capacity, failure of general principles of natural resource exploitation. An example showing the mutual relationship between tourism and environmental complex in general, and the negative impact that it manifests on each other, in particular, is the disappearance of the last 20 years to 14 huts in the Romanian Carpathians, the loss due to fire. Such damage is due to negligence of tourists. Conclusions Through this essay it has been showen that tourism has much more negative impacts on the environment of Romania than positive ones and that they are often closely related to the economical aspect of tourism. In conclusion Romania is a country enjoying a natural setting with great potential and infrastructure often enough natural tourism, travel form, in this view, is less demanding . After research, results that Romania does not benefit by much more positive aspects, since many components of the environment have been destroyed by tourists, rather than preserved. As Romania has much to do about environmental preservation. References: Cooper et al, C., (1998) Tourism Principles and Practice, 2nd Edition. New York: Addison Wesley Longman Publishing Cooper et al, C., (2005) Tourism Principles and Practice, 3rd Edition. Harlow (Essex): Pearson Education Limited http://www.plural-magazine.com/article-the-danube-delta-eco-tourism-museum-center-in-tulcea.html http://www.romanianmonasteries.org/romania/retezat-national-park

Zoot Suit by Luis Valdez :: essays research papers

â€Å"Zoot Suit† Luis Valdez made a great contribution to Chicano theater when he created a Chicano musical a form of theater that was more common for white America. As I read Zoot Suit I could not stop wondering how the play would look once it was on stage. I could not picture a play that included singing and dancing one which does not compare to the other plays written by Luis Valdez and the Teatro Campesino. I only wish that I had been lucky enough to watch the play live. However, I do feel that if the play was to be re-enacted it would not have the same effect on it’s viewers of today as it might have then. Unfortunately I feel that might be its only downfall. I was still really amazed that this play made it to Broadway and I feel it was just as worthy of it as other plays have been. It is also very interesting to note that it was his longest running play in Los Angeles however; I am assuming that has to do with the large number of Mexican and Mexican-Americans living in LA during that tim e.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I found the play very interesting and could not stop reading especially because I knew that the play was based on a true story a crime that actually took place against Chicanos. I did not know much about the sleepy lagoon case before I read the play. Having an interest on the subject helped me stay focus on the story and kept me reading. However, I kept wanting a stage visual of the play so that I could stay alert. As I watched the movie for the first time I felt great and yet, a bit bewildered to see so many brown faces on stage at the same time but ultimately I truly loved the feeling of it. I only wish that more plays or even movies would include Latinos onto the stage. I feel that the fact that Luis Valdez created a more American type of play made it more possible to be seen by many more people. If Zoot Suit would have been kept as an acto its audience would have been selective and minimal.

Eulogy for Father :: Eulogies Eulogy

Eulogy for Father As you all know, there were certain things Loyd liked -- dogs, and poker games, football, and airplanes -- and there were certain things he didn’t like -- carrots, political speeches, telephone solicitations (especially those made by insurance men), and long-winded eulogies. I won’t do that because for every story that I could tell today about Loyd, his friends here today could tell fifty more. I am very secure in the knowledge that Loyd lived every day of his life to the fullest and I feel that Mother and Delia Ruth are secure in that knowledge as well. And we are very grateful to you all to be here today with us to honor his life. As Brother Sam said, Papa was born in Norfolk County, Virginia, the son of Ovie and Ruth Owen. One of his earliest memories was of crossing the Mississippi River on his way back home to Texas where he lived, except for his time in the Army Air Corps, until his death this past Saturday. He graduated from Junction High School in 1938 and he very much enjoyed his memories of playing football for the Eagles, a game that he continued to love throughout his life, second only to poker, and most recently, the lottery. He enlisted in the Air Force on July 30, 1940 and was given the opportunity to become an enlisted pilot with the rank of Staff Sergeant Pilot . His membership in the Army Air Corps Enlisted Pilots Association gave him great pleasure and just last month in Austin he and his buddies refought the war at their bi-annual reunion. You’ll be very pleased to know we won again. He was a graduate of the class of 42-H from Kelly Field and flew fifty-one bombing missions in North Africa, Sicily, and Italy. He married Dortha W. of Menard the same day he received his wings, September 6, 1942. He liked to say he got his wings that morning and had them clipped that afternoon. For more than 50 years he has owned and operated Buster’s Laundry and Cleaners, first with his parents and then as sole proprietor. He was very proud of his business and once we were together at a social gathering in Kerrville and he had been sitting there with that look on his face you all know so well listening to self-important oil men and bankers talk about their work.

Do We Really Love Our Animals? :: essays research papers fc

Do you consider yourself a pet lover? Do you love animals in general? Can you imagine yourself as a little boy in a trailer far away from the depths of socialization? Once upon a time there was this boy, and this boy had a friend. No matter how hard times got he had Bo. The boy was incredibly happy because he had always dreamed of having a dog like that, a companion. Then your friend dies and you are left standing. Can you imagine the pain?Nobody likes to lose a good friend or a pet, and the majority of the population loves animals. However, evidence points that people don’t like animals as much as they claim to because the majority of the population tends to over look the genocide that exists this very instance. Gandhi once wrote, "The greatness of a nation and its moral progress can be judged by the ways its animals are treated"(Why Vegan? 1) Gandhi brings up a good point because the issue of Animal Rights is in fact an issue of one’s moral code. To define the morality and ethics, this paper will refer to Ayn Rand’s definition taken from the book, The Virtue of Selfishness. Rand describes itthis way, "It is a code of values to guide a man’s choices and actions that determine the purpose of his life" (Rand 13). Can the common animal lover really love animals that much and is it in their moral code to protect the living? Maybe they would if they were presented with the facts about vivisection and the meat industry. The truth of the matter is, people don’t love animals as much as they claim to, because they allow mistreatment, support companies that practice Vivisection, and the majority of the population still eats meat. The first form of oppression comes from probably one of the most grotesquely cruel practices of all. Did you know that from buying your toothpaste to buying your cosmetics, you open yourself up for the opportunity to participate in the funding of Vivisection? PETA, an international non profit organization designed to protect the rights of animals has defined the term as, "Vivisection is the practice of experimenting on live animals" (PETA 1). Let’s start with the large amount of animals Vivisection effects. The American Anti-Vivisection Society reports that, "Between 25 and 50 million animals are killed in American Laboratories each Year"(www.

The Famous Architect

Known as one of the most famous architect of all times Frank Lloyd Wright is a legend. The child of minister, â€Å"William Cary Wright and teacher, Anna Lloyd Jones, Retrieved from http://architect. architecture. sk/frank-lloyd-wright-architect/frank-lloyd-wright-architect. php † Frank Lincoln â€Å"Wright was born June 8, 1867 in Richland Center, Wisconsin. † Retrieved from http://architecture. about. com/od/wrightwebsites/Frank_Lloyd_Wright_Web_Sites. htm.He later changed his name to Frank Lloyd Wright after his parents divorced. During his childhood Frank and his family moved several times. At the age of 12 his family had â€Å"settled in Madison, Wisconsin, where he attended Madison high school. † Retrieved from http://architecture. about. com/od/wrightwebsites/Frank_Lloyd_Wright_Web_Sites. htm His â€Å"summers were spent on his Uncle James Lloyd Jones farm in Spring Green, Wisconsin, here he realized his dream of being an architect. † Retrieved from http://architect. rchitecture. sk/frank-lloyd-wright-architect/frank-lloyd-wright-architect. php Without finishing high school he left Madison in 1885 to work for Allan Conover, the Dean of the university of Wisconsin's Engineering department. When employed at the University he attended two semesters of classes studying civil engineering. He moved to Chicago in 1887. When Wright moved to Chicago, he worked briefly for an architect. Shortly after that he landed a job as a draftsman for a firm with Dankmar Adler and Louis Sullivan.The Auditorium Building was the first project with that firm; the building was the largest building in Chicago of that time (1890). During the time he worked with Sullivan he designed several houses including one for himself in Oak Park, Illinois with Sullivan’s assistant, he stayed employed with Sullivan until 1893. Sullivan was not pleased when he found out that Wright was branching out on his own and after just a few years this lead to a break bet ween them; they did not speak for many years. Although they departed from each other on bad terms Wright had always felt.

Ground Water Pollution by Fertilizers

Land Water Pollution by Fertilizers Table of Content Introduction Situation Problem Solution Decrease of the Procedure Chemicals Evaluation Organic Fertilizers Inorganic Fertilizers Decision MentionsIntroductionThis essay is based on the subject â€Å"Ground Water Pollution by Fertilizers† . Furthermore, it is further divided into four different parts that contains state of affairs, job, solution and rating. The initial portion of this considered essay focal points on the current state of affairs of land H2O pollution by fertilisers, and the following portion discusses some serious jobs that people faced presents. The 3rd stage entails of import ways or solutions to undertake this lifting job in an appropriate mode, farther the last portion of this essay discusses the rating of all three stages.SituationThe groundwater taint appears where there is a alteration of groundwater. The alteration implies the tainting by micro-organisms, chemicals, harmful and insecure substances and atoms, which is to boot the indispensable groundwater taint ( Rail, 2000 ) . In malice of the fact that groundwater pollution on occasion happens due to the regular or man-made stuff, the be ginnings that conveying about the groundwater pollution are hardly characteristic or man-made. Truly, natural beginnings are non every bit hurtful as 1s produced by human exercisings may be. Those human exercisings bring about a few noxious and deathful stuffs, and when they touch the surface of the land, they can perforate into the belowground degree, and foul the H2O at that place. The grade that those chemicals contaminate the H2O relies on upon their kinds, the soil conditions that they have polluted ( Bjerg, 2000 ) . At that point, what are the beginnings in charge of the groundwater taint? The principal and important one is concerns. Chemical and other fabrication concerns need to treat and clean the H2O every bit much as possible for that ground they frequently use different sorts of chemicals that increase the land H2O pollution ( Tellam, 2007 ) . Then once more, when they have completed the procedure of managing and cleaning H2O, they neglect to suiting handle the utilised H2O, which is planned to be reused, therefore, the untreated utilised H2O watercourses go into the land and contaminates the groundwater. Furthermore, solid industrial wastes are to boot in charge of the groundwater taint, which can weaken deadly stuffs to groundwater pollution after rains and rainwater leaks underground ( Brebbia, 2014 ) . Furthermore, the agricultural exercisings are an surrogate intent behind groundwater taint, in which the fertilisers and other mixture substances can easy foul the groundwater ( Zobisch, 2006 ) . Persons are at some point in charge of the groundwater pollution, in visible radiation of the fact that they bring legion insecure and harmful substances to the groundwater, and subsequently foul it. These substances are characterized as the groundwater toxicants. In visible radiation of their qualities, they could be separated into point root and non-point 1. The point toxins are the 1s from sewerage pipes or armored combat vehicles ; and the non-point 1s are pesticides and fertilisers, which will efficaciously distribute over legion typical districts ( Thangarajan, 2002 ) .ProblemThere is an issue of groundwater pollution by high N fertiliser. It is revived from the surface, streams underneath the land and in the terminal watercourse to the surface. Generally, difference between the ground water and river or saltwater is that one frequently includes dirt wets and other does non ( Hill, 2010 ) . There is similarly an actuality that groundwater has any longer rhythm term than that of the ocean or river H2O. An single can use submerged for agribusiness, industry and imbibing in some zone, which has less H2O. The important issue with groundwater is that it is influenced by N included in fertiliser and this leads legion persons to decease because they have merely groundwater to imbibe ( Giordano, 2007 ) . Fertilizer is known as a substance that supplies workss addendums like N or P, and this is the best methods for heightening creative activity of merchandise and nutriment quality. Previously, people did non hold unreal compost, evidently ; nevertheless, some of the experts discovered the first synthesis fertiliser in 19th century ( Ramachandra, 2006 ) . From that point, people have enhanced the quality and use of fertiliser and they have two kinds of fertilisers, natural and inorganic, now. Natural compost incorporates regular natural stuffs, so natural one is utile for nature ‘s sphere. In actuality, inorganic manure incorporates high N, which is begun from ammonium. The methodological analysis of doing inorganic manure is called Haber-Bosch procedure and inorganic compost is called manufactured compost. The ground for pollution in groundwater is supposed to nitrogen included in bogus man-made compost ( Pipkin, 2013 ) . In add-on, included nitrogen interaction affects submerged taint. The bulk of the N in the land starts from high N fertiliser nevertheless, some of them are from industrial waste and sewerage. As a regulation, N in fertiliser and other types have typical word pictures. At the point when there are two kinds of N in the land, N get downing from industrial waste and sewerage is effortlessly retained. This implies N from manure can non be assimilated good ; raindrops wash it, and do the submerged pollution ( Komatina, 2004 ) . Despite the fact that there are legion beginnings of N ( both common and anthropogenetic ) that could conceivably motivate the taint of the groundwater with nitrates, the anthropogenetic beginnings are genuinely the 1s that on a regular basis cause the step of nitrate to mount to an insecure degree. Waste stuffs are one of the anthropogenetic beginnings of nitrate befoulment of groundwater ( Pepper, 2011 ) . Numerous beginnings of possible nitrate tainting of groundwater exist, for illustration, â€Å" sites utilize for transportation of human and creature sewerage ; industrial waste identified with nourishment preparing, and some Polynesian offices ; and topographic points where managing and inadvertent autumn of nitrogen-bearing stuff may garner. Septic armored combat vehicles are one of the most critical illustrations of anthropogenetic beginning N befoulment of the groundwater. There are different parts of the universe where they have reported important taint of groundwater from septic armored combat vehicles ( Brebbia, 2014 ) . Ground H2O pollution is usually identified with the thickness of infected models. In to a great extent populated scopes, infected models can talk to a existent local beginning of nitrate to the groundwater. Then once more, in less populated parts infected models do non by and large posture much of a danger to groundwater pollution ( Singhal, 2010 ) . The echt issue by high N fertiliser is submerged taint every bit good as an unnatural conditions alteration, eutrophication and well-being effects. Carbon dioxide ( CO2 ) and methane ( Ch4 ) is greenhouse gasses yet azotic oxide ( N2O ) is besides considered as a nursery gas. At the point when high N fertiliser is put underneath the surface, microscopic beings in dirt deteriorate N and produce azotic oxide. At that point, it goes non yet decided because gas is lighter than dirt ( Mukherjee, 2013 ) . Following echt issue is eutrophication. Eutrophication is phenomena that there is an inordinate sum of addendums in the lake or river and a few kinds of species to develop so good that different species can non populate comfortably. For case, when the nitrate fertiliser watercourses in waterways, it promotes development of small workss on the surface of the watercourse. These workss are on the surface so the workss in the underside of the watercourse can non acquire adequate daytime and make photosynthesis ( Herda, 2013 ) .SolutionThe submerged taint has legion echt issues so an single must avoid H2O taint. There are two attacks to prevent taint. The first is to see whether N fertiliser is genuinely needed or non. This helps persons lessen taint and salvage their resources. The 2nd manner is to works trees so that soil decomposition will non go on ( Bjerg, 2000 ) . Trees change C dioxide into oxide in their photosynthesis and ascribe to ease a unsafe atmospheric devotedness. They hav e to reassess whether high N compost is genuinely an ideal attack to force works development. In the event that they continue using fertilisers at this gait, the Earth will be increasingly harmed ( Chesworth, 2008 ) . To command taint because of these material workss in the zones around them the attach toing steps could be taken with a specific terminal end to construct long-run sustainability as a corporate process, which is entirely adjusted to the concern aims of being productive in the terminal, and procure big market portion. The H2O used as a portion of preparing of stuffs is lessened to an extended grade such that the emanating focal point is constrained to a labeled small volume of H2O and it does non get down impacting larger volume of H2O ( Marinov, 2010 ) .Decrease of the Procedure ChemicalsThe process chemicals make more than 90 to 93 per centum of the taint by different organisations. This likewise cuts down the coevals cost every bit far as the chemicals use. It might be accomplished through recycling different chemicals when procedures are finished. For Example: Acerb sodium carbonate is recouped from the mercerizing and sourcing and is therefore sifted and dialyzed so it might be r eused ( Pepper, 2011 ) . The procedure alteration would include little accommodations in the different techniques utilized amid piecing within petition to do lesser taint and lessens unneeded wastage of H2O. Certain other chemicals can likewise be utilized amid piecing so that recovering those chemicals get to be simple and it in this mode could be utilized as a portion of farther collection processs ( Nair, 2004 ) . Through different alimentary direction undertakings, husbandmans are put to deathing best direction patterns that advance the proficiency of fertiliser usage by fiting supplement supply with merchandise necessities and to minimise alimentary loses. Throughout the old ages, there have been alterations in cultivating patterns to decrease nitrate filtering ( Giordano, 2007 ) . These integrated applications of N fertilisers, which include the best possible steps of N and other works addendums for overpowering harvest growing focused around dirt and works tissue proving. Soil moistness detectors are presently accessible that consider the persistent checking of dirt H2O position in the dirt. Fustigation has ended up more celebrated for its adept use of H2O and addendums, gigantically decreasing run outing and spillover of nitrates ( Chesworth, 2008 ) . Similarly, more late there have been new technological promotion is adopted, for illustration, the distant detection of in-season N position of harvests for auxiliary readying including maize and wheat, and is right off being developed for rock nutrients grown from the land crops and Prunus dulciss. Crop-particular and often even some other algorithms take into consideration exact and spatially variable application of the ideal N rate ( Mukherjee, 2013 ) . Furthermore, promotion is continuously made to concentrate nitrogen disposal zones guided by aeronautical symbolism, picture taking to catch N anxiousness, and detectors to calculate nitrogen application rates while tracking the field. As this new technology gets to be more settled and moderate, its appropriation in different portion of the universe will be loosely acknowledged ( Rail, 2000 ) .EvaluationFertilizers are those chemical compounds that are peculiarly used to increase the growing rate of works and nutrients grown. These are usually connected either through the dirt or by foliar prolonging. They are besides connected to sea-going state of affairss. There are two types of fertilisers organic fertiliser and inorganic fertiliser and they are as follows ;Organic FertilizersOrganic fertilisers are â€Å" normally † happening compounds, which utilize natural process of composting or on a regular basis accessible mineral shops. These fertilisers can take more clip to interrupt down and be assimilated into the dirt and into the workss than inorganic fertiliser ( Pipkin, 2013 ) . On the other manus, the organic fertilisers enhance the well-being and productiveness of dirt and workss, as they present different critical addendums to back up the works growing. The organic foods expand the profusion of dirt life signifiers by giving natural affair and micronutrients to organic entities, for illustration, contagious mycorrhiza, which supports workss in retaining addendums ( Bjerg, 2000 ) .Inorganic Fertil izersInorganic fertilisers are manufactured through complete chemical process, to boot using of course go oning, while synthetically modifying them for illustration concentrated ternary superphosphate. The inorganic manures has important constituents of Phosphorous, Nitrogen, and Potassium quickly accessible for workss without break down like in organic and workss can retain them immediately. Likewise, works could be given definite step of addendums that it needs maintaining in head the terminal end to be solid and less expensive to buy and speedy to use ( Nair, 2004 ) . Largely fertilisers contribute N ( N ) to the Earth and do issue of nitrate taint of H2O and taint of air with nitrate oxide, different oxides of N and base. These gasses help the nursery impact, worldwide warming as their spread outing focal points in the clime and to the annihilation of the stratospheric ozone bed, which secures the Earth from ultraviolet radiation ( Herda, 2013 ) . The manures and animal have created batch of issues of nitrate taint. Greenhouse gas of Azotic oxide ( N2O ) likewise helps the obliteration of the stratospheric ozone when changed over to azotic oxide. N2O is basically created in the life techniques of nitrification and gentrification. To construct the effectivity of N, manure utilizes through alterations, inhibitors of life techniques and in add-on better disposals to vouch expanded nourishment coevals while procuring the natural resources ( Marinov, 2010 ) . While proposed to progress dirts, overexploitation of fertilisers can impact the overall productiveness of harvests in a pessimistic mode. Since most merchandises are suited to a impersonal pH scope, dirt agitation from significant N inputs can equilibrate the expected impacts of fertiliser add-on. Most of the agribusiness experts say that legion countries would profit from application decreases of up to 50 to 60 per centum. China is the universe ‘s top purchaser of fertilisers and it is evaluated that 10 million dozenss of compost used in China ‘s waterways ( Zobisch, 2006 ) . As it was observed due to the extra usage of fertilisers, it increases the groundwater pollution to the extreme degree. It is a premier responsibility of each & A ; every person to take some serious stairss in order to cut down the use of fertilisers to get the better of the job of groundwater pollution every bit much as possible. For that intent, legion ways that can help an person to do proper sc hemes while utilizing different types of fertilisers because it can act upon the productiveness of harvests in both ways optimistic and pessimistic ( Hill, 2010 ) .DecisionTo reason this essay it was found that the fertilisers could be good to heighten the overall productiveness of harvests that will finally help the higher functionary of a state to carry through the demand of their citizens in an appropriate mode. On the other manus, it was noticed that the use of different sorts of fertilisers increase the groundwater pollution that will finally impact the overall environment of a part in a negative mode.MentionsBjerg, P.L. , 2000.Groundwater 2000. CRC Press. Brebbia, C.A. , 2014.Water Pollution XII. WIT Press. Chesworth, W. , 2008.Encyclopedia of Soil Science. Springer Science & A ; Business Media. Giordano, M. , 2007.The Agricultural Groundwater Revolution. CABI. Herda, D.J. , 2013.From Container to Kitchen. New Society Publishers. Hill, M.K. , 2010.Understanding Environmental Pollution. 3rd erectile dysfunction. Cambridge University Press. Komatina, M. , 2004.Medical Geology. Elsevier. Marinov, A.M. , 2010.Water Pollution X. WIT Press. Mukherjee, S. , 2013.Environmental Scenario in India. Routledge. Nair, P.K.R. , 2004.New Vistas in Agroforestry. Springer Science & A ; Business Media. Pepper, I.L. , 2011.Environmental and Pollution Science. 2nd erectile dysfunction. Academic Press. Pipkin, B. , 2013.Geology and the Environment. 7th erectile dysfunction. Cengage Learning. Rail, C.D. , 2000.Groundwater Contamination: Management. CRC Press. Ramachandra, T.V. , 2006.Dirt and Groundwater Pollution from Agricultural Activities. TERI Press. Singhal, B.B.S. , 2010.Applied Hydrogeology of Fractured Rocks. Springer Science & A ; Business Media. Tellam, J.H. , 2007.Urban Groundwater Management and Sustainability. Springer Science & A ; Business Media. Thangarajan, M. , 2002.Sustainable Development and Management of Groundwater Resources in Semi-Arid Regions with Particular Reference to Hard Rocks. CRC Press. Zobisch, M.A. , 2006.Resource Use and Agricultural Sustainability. kassel university imperativeness GmbH.

My Ambition To Become an Engineer Essay

â€Å"Try and try until you succeed† These words have always inspired me at every point in my life . It has made me cross all the hurdles that came across and focus on my career goals so far . I have been blessed to have parents who have instilled me with such good values and principles. They have supported me in accomplishing and standing up for the goals I have set forth. With this mindset I gathered knowledge to succeed in my studies and to be one of the best in my class .I am currently pursuing my 12th Grade from Science Stream . I have scored 92% in my 10th grade . Physics has always been my subject of interest which made me score †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ . Besides Physics , Mathematics has always been a strong weapon for me. One of the reasons why I'd chosen Engineering as my career stream was because of my family and relatives . Most of the people in my family belong to a Engineering Background and seeing them brought in me the enthusiasm to become and Engineer .Most of all my da d had been quite a huge part of my inspiration , seeing him work hard to attain the goals he has set in his life and his work place made me even more ambitious that i should not only become a Engineer but explore and become one of the Best Engineers . Universe had always been a mystery for me , I always use to hear new stories about the universe which made me even more keen to explore it and know what else does it consist of . Since then i always wanted to get into the Aeronautics field of Engineering so that i could get the opportunity to be one of those people i use to look up in Magazines and newspapers .

Management Study Guide

1. We have covered a lot of material over the past two months. The final examination will consist of 10 short answer questions and 2 case study questions. The 10 short answer questions are similar in structure to short answer questions provided in the quizzes. Ensure you thoroughly read the case study provided with your final before answering the two case study questions. The exam counts towards 30% of your final grade and one cannot pass the course without completing the proctored exam.The examination is a closed resource examination; consequently, no books or notes will be allowed. You will have two hours to complete the examination. The final examination is comprehensive. It includes material in Chapters 1 – 20. 2. By providing this review, I hope to channel your preparation and study for the final examination to key areas concerning principles of management, but remember you are responsible for all the information covered since the beginning of class.One should ensure a co mprehensive knowledge of the Core Learning Objectives, delineated in each Weeks Overview, Objectives and Weekly Activities, sub section â€Å"The Objectives† and denoted by a light blue box with a black key in it. Key areas include the following: Know and briefly describe the five basic management functions. Planning – deciding what objectives to pursue during a future period and what to do to achieve those objectives.Organizing – grouping activities, assigning activities, and providing the authority necessary to carry out the activities Staffing – determining human resource needs and recruiting, selecting, training, and developing human resources Leading – directing and channeling human behavior toward the accomplishment of objectives Controlling – measuring performance against objectives, determining causes of deviations, and taking corrective action where necessary Define â€Å"management† and explain the managerial significance of â€Å"effectiveness† and â€Å"efficiency†.Management is a form of work that involves coordinating an organization’s resources – land, labor, and capital – to accomplish organizational objectives. Also known as getting things done through people List five methods that can used to train or develop employees. OJT – a rainee is shown how to perform the job and allowed to do it under the trainer’s supervision Job Rotation – also called cross-training, employee learns several different jobs within a work unit or department and performs each job for a specific period Vestibule – procedures and equipment similar to those used in the actual job are set up in a special working area called a vestibule.Classroom – most familiar method of training, methods are lecture, discussion, audiovisual methods, experiential methods, and computer based training. Computer-assisted – allows the employee to absorb information from a preset computer program and advance their knowledge in a self-paced format Understand and briefly describe effective management communication skills. Managers must give direction to the people who work for them – employees often perform their jobs poorly b/c they do not understand what is expected of them.Managers must be able to motivate people – ability to communicate to get employees excited about their jobs Managers must be able to convince customers that they should do business with them Managers must be able to absorb the ideas of others – must be able to understand and accept other people’s viewpoints Managers must be able to persuade other people – Describe four social responsibilities.Philanthropy and volunteerism – efforts to improved human welfare, time and money to charitable, cultural, and civic organizations Environmental Awareness – limiting the damage their operations cause to the environment Sensitivity to Diversity – Maintain an ethnically diverse workforce Quality of Work Life – Adopting policies that contribute to the quality of life for their employees, such as flex hours, on-site daycares, etc Describe and recognize legal and ethical responsibilities.Legal responsibility – responsibility of a business to comply with federal and state regulations that affect business operations Ethical responsibility – responsibility of a business to comply with its own set code of ethics along with ethical business laws Recognize when TQM would benefit an organization. Total Quality Management – management philosophy that emphasizes ‘managing the entire organization so that it excels in all dimensions of products and services that are important to the customer’ List three methods for training and developing managers.What are organizing work and structure? Organizing work – process of division of labor accompanied by an appropriate delegation of author ity; benefits of organizing work – establishes lines of authority, improves efficiency and the quality of work through synergism, improves communication Organizing structure – is the framework that defines the boundaries of the formal organization and within which the organization operates; Strategy, size, environment, organization and technology are factors that affect the organizing structure Recognize when MBO would benefit an organization.Management by Objectives (MBO) – philosophy based on converting organizational objectives into personal objectives; MBO works best when the objectives of each organizational unit are derived from the objectives of the next higher unit in the organization; it assumes that establishing personal objectives elicits employee commitment, which leads to improved performance Articulate and explain change and culture. Change – bringing about something different than the previous way or situation.In organizations, usually refe rs to technological, environmental or internal changes Culture – set of important understandings (often unstated) that members of a community share; ‘the way we do things around here’ Distinguish between mechanistic and organic organizations. Mechanistic – organizational systems characterized by rigid delineation of functional duties, precise job descriptions, fixed authority and responsibility, and a well developed organizational hierarchy through which information filters up and instructions flow down Organic – organizational systems characterized by less formal job descriptions, greater emphasis on daptability, more participation, and less fixed authority Assess and describe the importance of staffing. Employees are the most valuable asset to an organization. The goal of staffing is to obtain the best available people for the organization and to develop the skills and abilities of those people. Recognize the Herzberg two factor theory to employee motivation Herzberg’s 2 factor theory, aka motivation-maintenance or motivation-hygiene, is based off the idea that hygiene or maintenance factors, such as supervision, money, status, do not produce motivation but can prevent motivation from occurring.However motivator factors, such as achievement, recognition, advancement, provides true motivation. Discuss the international business environment in terms of management awareness, global competition, and strategic planning International trade consists of the exchange of goods and services by different countries. Compare and contrast the following three; basic planning, operations management, and strategic management.Planning – process of deciding what objectives to pursue during a future time period and what to do to achieve those objectives Operations management – short range planning done primarily by middle to lower level managers, it concentrates on the formulation of the functional plans Strategic management – analogous to top-level, long range planning; covers a relatively long period; affects many parts of the organization Define conflict and stress. What are some ways it can it be reduced?Conflict – overt behavior that results when an person or group thinks a perceived need of the person or group has been blocked or is about to be blocked Stress – mental or physical condition that results from a perceived threat of danger (physical or emotional) and the pressure to remove it Ways to reduce conflict/stress: Communication, shortening hours of direct contact with customers, special leaves (sabbatical), on-site exercise facilities, clearly defining employee jobs, flextime or telecommuting, early retirement programs, introducing changes gradually Assess and describe work teams.Formal work team – established and formally recognized by management, established to carry out specific tasks Informal work team – established by personal contacts and interaction s among people and isn’t formally recognized by management Quality circle – composed of a group of employees, usually 5-15 people, who are members of a single work unit, section or department. The basic purpose of a quality circle is to discuss quality problems and generate ideas that might help improve quality.Self-Directed – members are empowered to control the work they do without a formal supervisor Virtual work team – teams that use mainly technology-supported communication, with team members working and living in different locations Recognize when TQM would benefit an organization. Total Quality Management – management philosophy that emphasizes ‘managing the entire organization so that it excels in all dimensions of products and services that are important to the customer’Recognize and understand the implications of job enrichment, enlargement and rotation. Job enrichment – upgrading of the job by adding motivator factors Job enlargement – giving an employee more of a similar type of operation to perform Job rotation – a trainee goes from 1 job to another within the organization, generally remaining at each job from 6 – 12 months Each of these processes are used in attempt to solve motivational problems with employees Describe quality circle and recognize when there implementation may help an organization.Quality circle – composed of a group of employees, usually 5-15 people, who are members of a single work unit, section or department. The basic purpose of a quality circle is to discuss quality problems and generate ideas that might help improve quality. Benefits include increasing employee participation, encourage communication and trust among members and managers, inexpensive way to provide training, and solves problems Define, explain, and provide an example of operations control. Operations management – is the management of the production function in any organ ization;Describe the difference between leadership and management. Effective leadership in organizations creates a vision of the future that considers the legitimate long-term interests of the parties involved in the organization, develops a strategy for moving toward that vision, enlists the support of employees to produce the movement, and motivates employees to implement the strategy. Management is a process of planning, organizing staffing, motivating and controlling through the use of formal authority.Leadership is the ability to influence people to willingly follow one’s guidance or adhere to one’s decisions Management is a form of work that involves coordinating an organization’s resources – land, labor, and capital – to accomplish organizational objectives. Define the concept of synergy and how it relates to management of organizations. Organization improves the efficiency and quality of work through synergism. For example, synergism result s when three people working together produce more than three people working separately.Synergism can result from division of labor or from increased coordination, both of which are products of good organization. Synergy – occurs when individuals or groups work together to produce a whole greater than the sum of the parts. Evaluate and describe four characteristics common to all organizations. Group of people, working together, in some concerted or coordinated effort to, obtain objectives Describe at least three approaches or theories to motivate employees.Scientific management approach – based on the assumption that money is the primary motivation of people; if the monetary award is great enough, employees will work harder and produce more Equity approach – is based on the idea that people wanted to be treated fairly in relationship to others Reinforcement approach – is based on the idea that behavior that appears to lead to a positive consequence tends t o be repeated, whereas behavior that appears to lead to a negative consequence tends not to be repeated Recognize when â€Å"flattening an organization† may be appropriate Flatter organizations have fewer levels and larger spans of management at each level. Sometimes when forced to downsize, flattening an organization is resulted.

Thoughts of College Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Thoughts of College - Essay Example This has enabled me to go attend lectures, pay attention in class, and get interested in classwork, as well as other school activities. In addition, personal motivation has enabled me to spend most of my time in the library doing research and extra reading instead of going out and having fun all the time in my free time as most students do. Finally, personal motivation has enable me to do my assignments on time and well, which contributed greatly to my good grades. However, I feel that I may encounter several challenges to personal motivation especially in my educational path. One such obstacle is procrastination, which is a state of postponing activities or tasks until last minute. This may be an obstacle because it will hinder me from finishing my assignments on time, as well as studying for exams early enough to have ample time for preparation. These are some of the obstacles that make students perform poorly in their studies. Another obstacle maybe influence from friends or peers. There are several students who do not take their studies seriously, and during their free time all they do are class unrelated activities without minding classwork. Moreover, some students do not even attend lectures increasing their chances of failing exams. There is a strong influence from friends and peers to engage in such behaviors and forget about classwork, and this may be an obstacle to my educational achievements. My plan for addressing the obstacles is setting clear educational goals on what I want to achieve. Then, I set a timetable or framework of how I want to achieve it. This strategy will help me avoid procrastination since it eliminates possibilities of laziness. In addition, it clearly outlines activities to be done with a strict schedule that leaves no room for procrastination. Another plan of addressing obstacles to achieving my educational goals is exercising self-control to avoid influence from peers and

Accounting for Decision Makers -Discussion Question Assignment - 4

Accounting for Decision Makers -Discussion Question - Assignment Example As an example for the second item, if the highest budget value was $154967 while the required budget for next year is less than that, this is a slack. The third item will create a budgetary slack because more money will be used to correct the situation. If $5400 gave the poor results, more dollars will be needed next year. Including depreciation value in the purchase budget will increase cost slightly: this is a slack too. For example if equipment costs $392 today while its charge is $8, the budgeted cost then becomes $400. Inflation rate and fixed cost to the estimates of purchase will slight relax the budget: for example budgeting with $450 for a facility that costs $400 today. Lastly, new employees require higher cost to make labor efficient. Using this cost for approximation of labor efficiency would create a slack. An example would be budgeting for an average $211 for labor efficiency of new employees while only about $110 dollars would be used for the same. I believe Bailey can justify the built-in budgetary slack to the company. The manager may need to explain would benefit the company like preventing frequent returns to the budgeting table or frequent withdrawal of projects. I would suggest for Bailey to improve the company’s budgeting by use of automated systems such as excel spreadsheets for budgeting and driver-based metrics (Hartgraves & Morse, 2015). In addition, honesty between departments and management should be maintained so that none is taken for a