Drug Abuse

Table of contents Introduction and purpose of research Literature review Data collection sources Presentation, discussion and analysis of data Conclusion, limitations and recommendations Bibliography Appendices Introduction and purpose of research Drug abuse is a very prevalent and widespread problem in Trinidad and Tobago. It is the cause of many illegal activities in the country. This study is geared towards finding the causes and effects of drug abuse in teenagers in Rio Claro. The purpose of this study is to determine the causes and effects of drug abuse in Rio Claro.In this project the following research questions would be asked: 1. What is drug abuse? 2. What are the causes and effects of drug abuse? 3. What are the strategies that could be implemented to curb drug abuse? This topic was chosen because the prevalence of drug abuse in my community is very high and it is of my special interest because I would like to explore and understand the topic more. I am currently studying s ciences at school and it is my hope that studying this topic would further educate me about drug abuse as I would like to peruse a career in pharmacy.After this study is completed it is my hope that the research can be used to benefit the members of my community and other researchers to help prevent drug abuse. Some of the terms used in this research project are: 1. Drug abuse- substance abuse   use of a substance that modifies mood or behavior in a manner characterized by a maladaptive pattern of use. 2. 3. Literature review Drug abuse is th Data collection sources Primary data was obtained from the questionnaire. The process of distributing this questionnaire was done by simple random sampling. 00 % of the questionnaires were given to people that were teenagers on Saturday 10th December 2012 at the Rio Claro community centre. The questionnaire was an excellent means of obtaining data as the data collected was first hand and there was no third party handling the data so there was less room for tampering. The disadvantages of using this were that people may be dishonest and some may not return questionnaire. Thirty people were asked to answer a questionnaire that consisted of 17 questions and thirty questionnaires were obtained at the end of the research. All the data was quantative.Secondary data was obtained via the internet, newspaper and books. The information obtained from the internet was used to obtain background information about the topic and to further answer the research question. Books were used to get proper definitions and to get the biological perspective of drug abuse. The data was helpful at it helped me to better understand the topic of drug abuse. Both sources contributed to a better understanding of the topic as knowledge was gained about the problem from both sources. Presentation, interpretation and discussion of findings 1. Do you go to church/mosque/temple? Often O Sometimes O Not at all OGraph 2 showing types of families that the can didates lived in The graph above shows the types of families that the candidates live in. more than half the candidates lived in single parent families, Graph 3 showing weather candidates go to church/mosque/temple Conclusion, limitations and recommendations Appendix 1 Questionnaire A pleasant good day. My name is Shenell Lal and I go to cowen Hamilton secondary school. For my Caribbean studies internal assessment I am studying drug abuse and its causes and effects in my community of Rio Claro. Your participation in answering the following questionnaire is greatly appreciated.The information collected is strictly confidential. Thank you in advance. Please tick the appropriate boxes and answer in the spaces provided. 1. How old are you? 10- 15 O 16-23 O 2. Gender: Male O female O 3. Religion : Hindu O other O Muslim O Christian O 4. What type of family do you live in? Single parent O Nuclear O Extended O Other O 5. Do you go to church/mosque/temple? Often O Sometimes O Not at all O 6 . To what ethnic group do you belong? African descent OIndian descent O Chinese descent O Mixed descent O 7. Do you participate in community activities? Yes O no O If yes please state what 8. Do you play sports/ musical instruments? Yes O no O If yes please state what 9. Do you think that the lack of an education can be one of the major causes of drug abuse? Yes O No O 10. Do you think that the schools, youth groups, clubs†¦.. tc, is making a positive impact in trying to stop the levels of drug abuse? SCHOOLS – Yes: very much O Little O No, none at all O Yes: much O Very little O YOUTH GROUPS – Yes: very much O Little O No, none at all O Yes: much O Very little O CLUBS – Yes: very much O Little O No, none at all O Yes: much O Very little O 11. What do you think are the level of which drugs are used in your village?Low O Medium O High O None at all O 12. How effective are the police in dealing with drugs in your village? Very much O Much O Little O Very lit tle O 13. What age group uses drugs the most in your village? 14 – 25 O 26 – 35 O 36 – 45 O 46+ O 14. Which one of the following would you say can be the main cause of drug abuse in your village? Peer Pressure from friends O Poverty O Parents not setting good examples O Lack of a proper education O 15.In your village please state in a percentage how many of the youths you think are affected by drugs compared to those who are not? 5 – 24% O 25 – 50% O 51 – 75% O 75 – 100% O 16. How does drug abuse affect the youths of your district in terms of causing fights and gang warfare? Yes: Badly O Very bad O No: Not really O Not at all O 17. Have you ever used drugs? Yes O No O BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. http://medical-dictionary. thefreedictionary. com/drug+abuse 2.

Government Regulation on Media in America

The government is the political direction and control exercised over the actions of the members, citizens, or inhabitants of communities, societies, and states. Media is the means of communication, such as radio, television, newspapers, magazines, and the internet which influence people broadly. The mainstream American media information presented to the public viewers is selected by the government. Outside of government institutions, no other unit has more influence in determining policy decisions and elections more than the mass media. Although the framers of the Constitution could never have envisioned the increase of mass media that we enjoy today, they were very aware that the press would play a serious role in the growing democracy. It's no coincidence that freedom of the press constitutes the First Amendment in the Bill of Rights. The media's role in government goes back to the colonial era, when daily newspapers were the only source of political as well as other news for the colonists. The media has transformed intensively over the past 200 years. Most of the change has occurred since the mid-1990s, with the advent of the Internet and all-news cable television channels. As these and other communication technologies keep on evolving at the speed of light, the role of the media in government will also continue to modify. The Internet has become an immense factor in the media, primarily the major social networks, because it communicates frankly without the filter of editors, publishers, and corporate parents similar to Viacom, Disney, Time-Warner, and General Electric. In a democracy, the free flow of information, ideas, and opinions is vital. The media has three primary responsibilities: setting the agenda, investigating the institutions of government, and facilitating the exchange of ideas and opinions. Elected officials, nonelected government workers, and political candidates spend a considerable amount of time figuring out ways to shape media coverage. The following five techniques are most normally used. Staged events are the most common way to attract media coverage. In 1994, the House Republicans had a â€Å"signing ceremony† on the Capitol steps to launch their â€Å"Contract with America† campaign theme. The event received enormous press coverage. An off-the-record conversation is another technique. Politicians, bureaucrats, and candidates have off-the-record conversations with reporters when they want to propagate certain information, but don't want that information associated with them. Reporters usually attribute off-the-record comments to anonymous or unnamed sources. Sound byte is where the most elected officials are skillful at giving â€Å"sound bites† (concise and colorful quotes) to reporters. Officials who consistently deliver the best sound bites usually receive the most coverage. New York senator Chuck Schumer is regarded as a terrific source of sound bites. From time to time government officials will float â€Å"trial balloons†, anonymous program or policy thoughts to the press in order to gauge the public's feedback. Trial balloons allow officials to test ideas or potential appointments without taking responsibility for them. During the recent stem-cell research debate, the White House floated a trial balloon about keeping the controversial research on embryonic stem cells legal, but decided against it after the administration's conservative base reacted negatively. Last, there is a technique called leaks. Almost every day in Washington, confidential information is passed from government officials to the media. Leakers do this for one of two reasons. First, to cast a negative light on their opponents and second to strengthen their point of view on a particular matter among their colleagues. Investigations in particular tend to be common with leaks. There were so many leaks during the Monica Lewinsky investigation that the leaks themselves became a separate legal inquiry. Although the Constitution promises freedom of the press, the government does regulate various media. Print media are for the most part unregulated, and newspapers and magazines can print almost anything as long as they don’t insult anyone. The Internet has also gone mostly unregulated; despite congressional efforts to restrict some controversial fulfillments. Broadcast media, however, are subject to the most government regulation. Radio and television broadcasters must attain a license from the government because according to American law, the public owns the airwaves. The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) issues these licenses and is in charge of managing the airwaves. The FCC also acts as a police agency of the airwaves, and it can fine broadcasters for violating public decency principles on the air. The FCC can even revoke a broadcaster’s license, keeping him off the air permanently. For example, he FCC has fined radio host Howard Stern plentiful times for his use of profanity. They also fined CBS greatly for Janet Jackson’s â€Å"wardrobe malfunction† during the halftime performance at the Super Bowl in 2004. The government is involved in media doctrines. The Federal Communications Commission has also established rules for broadcasts relating to political campaigns. The equal time rule, which states that broadcasters have to supply the same broadcast time to all candidates for a specific office. The right of rebuttal, which requires broadcasters to make available an opportunity for candidates to reply to criticisms made against them. A station cannot air an attack on a candidate and not succeed to give the objective of the attack a possibility to respond. The fairness doctrine, states that a broadcaster who airs a controversial program is required to provide time to air opposing views. The FCC has not obligated the fairness doctrine since 1985, and some claim that the FCC has taken a lax come up to enforcing the other regulations as well. The government has also regulated ownership of media outlets to make sure that no one broadcaster monopolizes the market. Since the 1980s the government has loosened limitations on media possession, and Congress accepted the Telecommunications Act in 1996 to permit companies to possess even more media outlets. Due to the loosening of tenure boundaries, more and more media outlets are declining under the power of a few colossal corporations, an inclination called media consolidation. The Hearst, Knight Ridder, and Gannett corporations own the majority of the nation’s newspapers, whereas Clear Channel Communications owns numerous radio stations. Huge companies also have the major networks and other television stations. The Walt Disney Corporation, for example, owns ABC and ESPN, along with the Disney Channel, and Viacom owns CBS and MTV. Meanwhile the Rupert Murdoch’s Media Corporation owns all of the Fox channels, several radio networks, satellite television providers, and newspapers in many countries. And Time-Warner owns dozens of magazines, counting Time, Life, and Sports Illustrated, as well as the CNN and Turner television networks. Critics challenge that media consolidation confines consumers’ choices because a small number of companies own all the media outlets. They fight that consolidation is not competitive and that corporate owners might control or influence news coverage. Some critics also lament the homogenization of American culture due to media consolidation. Because radio and television formats have turn out to be more and more uniform, people all through the country receive the same broadcasts. It is not clear if the FCC has the ability to regulate cable television. The FCC is entitled to regulate those who broadcast over the airwaves because the people own the airwaves. Cable television is not sent through the airwaves. Cables transmit the programs directly into people’s houses. Seemingly this means that cable television cannot be regulated, but some members of Congress have still required doing so. I have come to believe that media is important in the government because it’s the primary source of political information for most people, so it plays a big role in democracy. Also, I notice the way a point is transmitted affects how the message is received. Television, for example, is a visual medium, so viewers will surely be affected by images. Plus, media tends to provide more facts and details than television. The media has massive power within the American Government because just about all Americans get their news from the media instead of from other people or other sources. Media coverage shapes how Americans recognize the world and what they consider to be important. Voters and politicians comparable must pay attention to the media. In the American political system, the media perform a number of functions important to the self-governing process. The media reports the news, serves as a mediator between the government and the people, helps agree on which issues should be discussed, and keeps people energetically involved in society and politics. In the United States, the media plays a big role in socializing people to American society, culture, and politics. Much of what young people and immigrants learn about American culture and politics comes from magazines, radio shows, and television. Many people worry that juvenile people are exposed to too much violence and sex in the media, knowing the effect it will have on children’s views and development. The media also provides a public forum for debates between political leaders. During campaigns, opposing candidates often broadcast advertisements and debate with each other on television. Many voters learn a great deal about the candidates and the issues by watching these ads and debates. Even during years without elections, though, the news media allows elected official to explain their actions via news stories and interviews. In this way the government has the power to control people though its subliminal messages. It has the ability to brainwash or give an image of what may be wrong or right through its regulations.

African American Heritage Paper Essay

This paper explores the African American heritage and also identifies the significance of nurses being culturally aware, sensitive and competent when caring for people of African American heritage. Although these terms mentioned above are used interchangeably, they have different meanings. Cultural awareness is appreciating the external or material part of the culture, such as the music, arts, and physical characteristics, and dress. Cultural sensitivity is the personal attitudes toward the culture, such as not saying things that is offensive to someone from a different ethnic or cultural background (Purnell,2013, p. 4). Cultural competence is putting it all together; by using your knowledge to provide culturally congruent care and to be able to work effectively with people in cross- cultural situations. African Americans are the second largest ethnocultural groups in the United States; however, it is one of the most misunderstood cultures. This culture is so unique because they have mixed their cultures from their different homes of origin in Africa, along with American culture. This paper overviews the history, communications, family roles, workforce issues, biocultural ecology, high-risk behaviors, pregnancy and childbearing practices, spirituality, health care practices, nutrition, and death rituals in the African American culture. It is important that nurses see themselves as becoming culturally competent when caring for African Americans, and this involves incorporating cultural desire, cultural awareness, cultural knowledge, cultural skill, and cultural encounter with the people of African American heritage (Campinha-Bacote, 2009). 2 A NURSING METHOD TO AFRICAN AMERICAN HERITAGE One of the largest minority groups in the United States, African Americans culture includes the various cultural traditions of different African ethnic groups. â€Å"Data from the U. S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census (2001) reveals that there are approximately 34,333,000 African Americans residing in the United States, representing 12. 1% of the total population† (Campinha-Bacote, 2009). They were forcibly imported into the United States as slaves from 1619 to 1860 (Purnell, 2013, p. 21). During slavery, they incorporated their culture from their homes of origin, and as a result, their culture included several cultural traditions of African ethnic groups. Many African Americans live in poverty due to discrimination and lack of proper education. Most families of African American heritage value education, but they still struggle to have equal representation in the workplace, and are more likely to work in a hazardous environment, resulting in job related diseases and illness. Due to the lower-level positions and the difficulty in achieving higher opportunities in the workplace, some African Americans continue to feel discouraged. Nurses need to address discrimination and also issues that create ethnic or racial tension in the workplace. English is the language spoken by African Americans, however, people of lower socio economical status communicate in an informal language known as African American English (AAE) (Purnell, 2013, p. 22). According to Campinha-Bacote (2009), the major problem that AAE speakers face is prejudice. Most people believe that AAE is inferior to Standard American English. As a result, African Americans who speak AAE are sometimes misinterpreted as being uneducated. Nurses should be aware not to stereotype African Americans as only speaking AAE, and also not to stereotype them as uneducated based on the way they communicate. African Americans are expressive when 3 A NURSING METHOD TO AFRICAN AMERICAN HERITAGE communicating and often use body languages to convey their feelings. Their expressive language and body movement can be misconstrued as anger or provocation. Nurses need to be familiar with these characteristics and not misinterpret them. As a nurse, when interacting with African Americans for the first time, be sure to address them formally, until given permission to use other names, such as their first name. The African-American family has evolved over the last two decades and still continues to evolve. A person that is brought up in a traditional nuclear family is more likely to continue that tradition. Whereas, a person that is brought up in a single parent home is more likely to continue that same tradition. Although these situations are more likely, they are not always so. To provide the most competent care, the best thing for the nurse to do would be to ask the patient in a non-judgmental way about family dynamics and also ask them what they would feel the most comfortable with when it comes to decision making for their care. The nurse should then accept this decision. Being knowledgeable about this cultural group’s family values and beliefs are crucial for providing care for the African American patient (Revell & McGhee, 2012). A high percentage of African American households are matriarchal and fall below poverty level. With that being said, it is wise for nurses to make a point of including women when discussing health care issues. Nurses also should take note when dealing with homosexual individuals in this ethnic group, not to break confidence by sharing their lifestyles with others. This information can jeopardize and cause conflicts within the family and ruin relationships. Romantic relationships of the same-sex are not totally acceptable within this culture. 4 A NURSING METHOD TO AFRICAN AMERICAN HERITAGE As in many culture, social status is important in African American community. African Americans are often met with negative atmosphere and prejudice attitudes based on their cultural background and skin color. Assumptions are made based on AAE spoken by some as an indication of unintelligence and the lack of education. These assumptions sometimes affect employment opportunities and job promotions. Nurses should be cautious not to fall into the stereotyping African Americans based on these characteristics. African American skin color ranges from light to very dark due to the combination of a gene pool of more than 100 racial strains (Purnell, 2013, p. 25). When assessing for cyanosis in dark-skinned African Americans, be sure to pay attention to the oral mucosa or conjunctiva. When assessing for pallor, note the absence of the underlying red tones that give the skin it’s glow. Lastly, when observing for jaundice, be sure to look at the sclera of the eyes, the soles of the feet, and the palms of the hands for any yellow discoloration (25). Health care is a luxury that low socioeconomic African Americans may not be able to afford. Meeting their daily needs takes priority over what they believe to be minor health issues. Consequently, diseases that could be treatable might end up being a life- threatening situation. African Americans are family orientated, because of this; some tend to initially seek medical attention from family members rather than going to a health care professional. Health care professionals need to be aware of this and work toward teaching and distributing health information via church and community centers. Most African American women are against abortion due to religious, cultural, and moral beliefs. As a result, there is a delay in making a decision until it becomes too late. 5 A NURSING METHOD TO AFRICAN AMERICAN HERITAGE Family support is crucial for pregnant African American women. Gichia (2000) studied and found out that African American women look for role models such as older female relatives, or if they have none, they look for someone who seemed like a mother to them, such as a neighbor. These role models can provide the pregnant woman and new mother with needed support. According to Abbyad & Robertson (2011), nurses caring for pregnant African American women need to be informed about the variety of ways in which childbirth preparation can occur, as in any other group of pregnant women. Moreover, nurses need to consider the ways in which their attitudes and behaviors send unwelcoming messages to African American women seeking prenatal care or childbirth classes. These attitudes can discourage the African American woman in seeking further care. â€Å"Culturally competent care for the childbearing African American woman includes addressing all components of care including the use of complementary and alternative medicine† (Revell, 2012). The childbirth nurse that is providing culturally competent care should be aware that the perceived norm is different for every family. African Americans are spiritual and are usually affiliated with some religious order. Historically, the church has played a major role in the life of African American culture. The church is a place where they can meet on common grounds. Faith and prayer is one of the most important attributes of Christian African Americans. They believe that God has the power to heal them, and he also has the power not to. They believe that whatever happens to them is according to God’s will. Food is very valuable in the African American culture. It symbolizes health and wealth. It is derived from African descent. When food is offered to someone, it means that the person is valued; and by offering food, they are given you something that is 6 A NURSING METHOD TO AFRICAN AMERICAN HERITAGE valuable to them. When it comes to nutrition, some African American diets are high in cholesterol and fats. According to James (2004), â€Å"African Americans will need information on basic nutrition topics such as serving sizes and reading food labels†. Nurses that work in African American communities should be involved in programs that promote healthy food choices. These programs can specifically be developed for churches, neighborhood grocery stores, and local restaurants. â€Å"Health disparities among the African-American population include life expectancy, heart disease, hypertension, infant morality and morbidity rates, cancer, sickle cell diseases, HIV/AIDS, violence, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and asthma† (Campinha-Bacote, 2009). Unfortunately, they have the tendency to see a health care professional only when absolutely necessary. â€Å"Health is viewed as harmony with nature, whereas illness is seen as a disruption in this harmonic state due to demons† (Purnell, 2013, p. 33). Recognize and support your patient cultural behaviors and believes to promote healthy interactions. In addition, always provide factual information about health practices that may not be understood due to their cultural believes and cultural differences. In conclusion, it is recommended that nurses familiarize themselves with cultural specific information in order to provide cultural competent care in African American community. Nurses should consider the following question: â€Å"In caring for African- American patients, have I asked myself the right questions. † It is important for nurses to be aware of their biases and prejudices toward African Americans. In addition, they should possess the needed skills to conduct a cultural assessment while possessing knowledge of this cultural group (Campinha-Bacote, 2009). Lastly, nurses should always 7 A NURSING METHOD TO AFRICAN AMERICAN HERITAGE have the desire to become culturally competent not just with African American patients, but any patient that has been placed in their charge. 8 A NURSING METHOD TO AFRICAN AMERICAN HERITAGE Resources Abbyad, C. , & Robertson, T. (2011). African American Women’s Preparation for Childbirth From the Perspective of African American Health-Care Providers. Journal Of Perinatal Education, 20(1), 45-53. doi:10. 1891/1058-1243. 20. 1. 45 Campinha-Bacote, J. (2009). Culture and diversity issues. A culturally competent model of care for African Americans. Urologic Nursing, 29(1), 49-54. Gichia, J. E, (2000), Mothers and others: African-American women’s preparation for motherhood. The American Journal of Maternal Child Nursing, 25(2), 86-91, James, D. (2004). Factors influencing food choices, dietary intake, and nutrition-related attitudes among African Americans: application of a culturally sensitive model. Ethnicity & Health, 9(4), 349-367. Purnell, L. D. (2009). People of African American Heritage. Guide to culturally competent health care (2nd ed. , p. 21-35). Philadelphia: F. A. Davis Co. Revell, M. A. , & McGhee, M. N. (2012). Evolution of the African American Family. International Journal Of Childbirth Education, 27(4), 44-48. Revell, M. A. (2012). Use of Complementary and Alternative Medicine in the African American Culture. International Journal Of Childbirth Education, 27(3), 55-59.

Government Business Relation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Government Business Relation - Essay Example uses on the link between the concept of globalization and the nation-state; more specifically it tends to answer a major question of whether the role of the Government becomes increasingly important or otherwise in an era of globalization. Initially the term globalization would be defined with regards to the intricate meaning attached to it along with the critiques of it being negative or positive and the factors which contribute to increasing this phenomenon, then the paper proceeds to incorporate the impact of globalization on the state, furthermore this study would explore the methods which are available to redesign the role of the state in order to overcome the challenges launched by globalization on the cohesiveness of the state (Bertucci and Alberti, 2003, Page 1-26). All these sub topics are cardinal to the study of globalization; therefore each would be elaborated in detail along with examples from different parts of the world. In literal terminology, Globalization or Globalisation pertains to the description of a process as a result of which the economies, the societies and cultures of nations throughout the world have been integrated into a web of interdependencies, due to the overarching power of the technological progress in areas of communication, transport and trade. It is often used only to describe the specific concept of ‘economic globalization’ which relates to the involvement of national economies into the international arena, through the tools of trade, FDI (foreign direct investment), capital inflows and outflows, net migration, and the massive spread of technology (Invest Words, 2010). Globalization has its pros and disadvantages; it presents various opportunities to people to benefit from while at the same time it has certain costs associated with it, thus reflecting both aspects of the concept. The major attribute of globalization is the increased level of interdependence between nations across the globe. The determinants at work which

HIgh frequency oscilatory ventilation in adults Research Paper

HIgh frequency oscilatory ventilation in adults - Research Paper Example From that time individuals have learnt that as much as mechanical ventilation is always lifesaving also it can be injurious, particularly in patients who suffer from ARDS (acute respiratory distress syndrome). ARDS may also lead to refractory hypoxemia that can always trigger attempting ventilation strategies that are nonconventional like use of prone positioning, nitric oxide or recruitment maneuvers. HFOV (high frequency oscillatory ventilation) has emerged to be a rescue strategy for ARDS adults. To add to that, as it injures the lung is no more than ventilation conventional modes it can also be preferably suited to apply early in acute respiratory distress syndrome. High frequency oscillatory ventilation fits in the range of high frequency modes of ventilation whose main concept is breaths delivery at low volumes of tides and high frequency modes of ventilation which are always beneath the anatomy dead space. The high frequency mode is generally divided into the ones in which expiratory stage is passive and the ones in which there is an active expiration. Examples of tools using passive expiration are positive pressure ventilation and jet ventilation of high frequency (Miller, pp.1446) During HFOV high airway and very minute volumes pressure are used to prevent injuries form over distention and repetition reopening and collapse of the atelectrauma (lung). This allows for optimization of exchange of gas and possibly reduces iatrogenic damage. Oscillate trial is a varied Centre RCT where the mature individuals with severe ARDS were indiscriminately attached to HFOV or to convectional strategy: high pressures were used for both groups to keep lung recruitment at its maximum. The basic result was the in hospital death rate from any source. The oscillatory was brought to a stop after five hundred and forty eight out of the planned one thousand two hundred patients had passed through randomization as the application of HFOV

Analyse the competitiveness of Danish manufacturing Coursework - 1

Analyse the competitiveness of Danish manufacturing - Coursework Example cks here according to research is that regardless of what is measured by production, total employment and value added, the manufacturing industry have portrayed a declining importance. Cluster is taken positively by the Danish, since it is termed as a competitive advantage of nations. Here, Clusters got a prominent role due to the theory of competitive advantage of nations first witnessed in the year 1990. With its strategy, that involves a geographical interconnection of companies, service providers and specialized suppliers and organizations in industries that are related and associated it can be noted that clustering strategy have made the country to move at per, with other European countries in terms of production(Daugherty, 2009.p.75). Clustering channel is better explained by the following diagram. The industrial production is divided into hundred main components. The first one, accounts for the highest output in the country, and that was in the year 2011 which accounted for 74 percent. While, mineral fuel accounts for sixteen percent while all the mechanicals, boilers and machinery accounts for almost ten percent (Daugherty, 2009.p.102). They all cluster to give out a whole 100%. The comparison of 2000 and 2011 years, illustrates that the country faced subsidized electrical production equipment. From the manufacturing side to the purchasing side, the clustering in production of this equipment was studied as deeming. This is why; the whole Denmark affirms that the electrical part portrayed a downing advantage (Hadjilambrinos,

Gifts for Her in the Local Target shop Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Gifts for Her in the Local Target shop - Essay Example Customers of the shop have an opportunity to choose any gift from the wide range of presented goods. They are arranged at shelves by category so if customer knows category he or she needs, he or she may select more gifts from this category. Also there is a website www.target.com where customer can find suitable for him or her gift in electronic catalogue. There is a Gift Finder tool at the website that helps customer to find appropriate gift by price or by category. It is possible to get to know if any definite gift available in specific local Target store. There is a Wal-Mart supermarket not far away the local Target shop where a lot of gifts is sold. Also there are a lot of small souvenir shops in this quarter and in neighbor quarter where customer also can buy gifts. The supermarket is direct competitor of the local Target shop, while small souvenir shops are indirect competitors. However, a distinguishing feature of the local Target shop is special section of gifts especially for girls and women. Wal-Mart does not have specific section of Gifts for Her, it has only Gifts and Flowers section. So Target's competitive advantage is that customer will be sure that gift he or she select is suitable for girl or women. The target audience is habitants, tourists and personnel of numerous offices from this quarter, and from neighbor quarters. Also staff and students from the university are customers of the Target shop. Target market segments Target market of the local Target shop is people from 16 to 80. The research had shown that 60% of the customers are people mostly from 16 to 35, while 25% of the customers are people mostly from 36 to 50 and 15% of the customers are people mostly from 51 to 80. Students, post-graduates, tourists and staff of nearby offices are included in the first category of the customers. Customers of the second category are tutors, habitants of the quarter, tourists and personnel of nearby companies. Pensioners and tourists are mostly included in the third category. All these customers are people, who have female friends or relatives. The first category of the customers (students, post-graduates and staff of nearby offices) are most likely to buy strong gifts from Fashion+Beauty category. Tourists and businessmen prefer gifts from Electronics category. There are also returning customers who buy gifts from Hobbies category; they are mostly pensioners and staff of the university. Advertisement Currently the local Target shop is advertising in order to reach customers or to be seen by customers through: Mass media: advertisement on the local radio station Display: location, building, signing, window/counter/shelf display, environment, decoration, printed materials One-on-one: in person, by letter, and telephone

Legality of professional boxing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Legality of professional boxing - Essay Example Key focus is laid on professional boxing, with the current set of safety measures placed in consideration. The paper will source t support from future litigation involving the complaints associated to the brutal nature of the sport. Various sporting events source contrivances over their legality, and the ethical attributions accorded unto them. Boxing is amongst the most controversial sporting events in the history of recreation. The sport involves the utilization of fists over the opponent in a scenario akin to a fight. The difference between the two is the restrictions and the rules invoked in boxing. Additionally, boxing involves the utilization of officiating officers who oversees its success. However, the rest of the aspects of boxing may be confused to those of a fight with ease. There exists a sense of bad blood between rivals, a factor that fuels the energy witnessed in a match. Professional boxing, commonly referred to as PRO boxing has attracted an increased number of inter ests from the legal dimensions. This focuses on both its legality and the safety of the participants. However, prior to examining these interests, it is vital to examine the opinions shared by other partisans over the matter. This is because legal concerns are built from such interests. On this regard, the art of boxing invokes considerable number of support, as well as loathers in almost equal proportions. There are various reasons that explain this development. Amongst them is the central purpose of any sporting event. Analysis Sports are meant for recreation based effects, as well as physical fitness.1 While viewed from that dimension, boxing promotes this understanding via all of its aspects. The participants engage into rounds of action that help them keep fit. On the other hand, the fans utilize the moment for their recreation gains by enjoying each occasion. Under professional settings, the boxers enjoy earnings in as a supplement to their performance. PRO boxing is a real ca reer that can see the participants lead a successful life. The earnings coupled to the fights make the boxers adjust their lifestyles to a flamboyant one, while still boasting of fans under their names. Their determination that sees them several rounds of senseless thumbing may be echoed as a source of motivation to the respective fans. Boxers can thus be viewed as outstanding role models to the society. This, while coupled with their fame in the ring, assists to elevate their legacy in the glimmer of their fans, as well as the general public. Subsequently, boxing as a profession offers wide opportunities to make global tours. This can be utilized in funding other campaigns that steers towards unifying the community and eliminating various vices that affect certain communities. Some boxing tournaments may be established in support of certain ambitions for the welfare of the marginalized. This helps unite communities, as well as upraise the marginalized communities. Another vital con sideration in the field of boxing is the self will deployed in the acquisition of pugilists.2 This reflects on the understanding that the boxers are recruited into a combat by their own free will. The legal restrictions accorded to this process only focus on the age of the recruit. This is in accordance to the specification of the responsible country of citizenship. In a majority of the cases, eighteen is the ultimate age upon

Topics in the area of international management, marketing Research Proposal

Topics in the area of international management, marketing international strategic decision-making - Research Proposal Example Therefore, organizational culture and power structures have a definite say in defining the image of an organization in the international arena. The important thing is that it is this very image of an organization that constitutes a considerable part of the information required by the international collaborators and competitors. Thus, organizations operating in a globalized scenario, no more afford to be passive or ignorant about the culture and political structures coming within their scope and ambit. To facilitate effective decision-making mechanisms, it is necessary that organizations consciously decide as to what their in house culture and the resultant global perception needs to be. No doubt, such an approach leads to positive outcomes in both local and international avenues. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate and understand how organizational culture and politics influence international strategic decision-making. There is no denying the fact that an organization’s culture and political framework have a direct and conclusive say in the strategic decision-making processes. However, the extent to which organizational culture and power influence international strategic decision-making is a topic that solicits ample scholarly attention and investigation (Nwachukwu et al. 757). Till date, the popular perception has been that though corporate culture and power structures were important factors that aided the understanding of the respective working of individuals and groups employed in an organization, yet such unspoken and intangible parameters scarcely influenced international strategic decision-making (Hunt & Vitell 12). On the contrary, their existed a small but influential group of scholars who held that a formalization of the corporate values and power structures not only defined the roles of the specific employees, but had a direct bearing on the

Hinduism Paper Essay Example for Free

Hinduism Paper Essay Hinduism began in India and is one of the oldest religions known to man and as such does not have a prominent founder that anyone can remember. In India, the land lying on the southern side of the Hindu-Kush Mountains was considered the land of the Hindus or Hindustan and the religion followed by the people there was known as Hinduism. It is a religion that is based upon Aryan settlers. The Hindu people believe that their religion has no beginning and no end. It consists of thousands of different religious groups that have evolved in India since 1500 BCE. Because of the wide variety of Hindu traditions, freedom of belief and practice are notable features of Hinduism. In Hinduism, Buddha is the last avatar of the ten avatars of Lord Vishnu. The word Buddha was not used to describe the last avatar of Vishnu, the description, time and place of his arrival is well chronicled in scriptures prior to the advent of the Buddha. Buddhism and Jainism are outside the Hindu tradition but are regarded as related religions. Hinduism is different than Christianity and other monotheistic religions in that it doesn’t have a single holy text that the people follow or a single system of morality and or a central religious authority. This individual freedom to meditate and act according to one’s own conscious seems to give the followers more personal responsibility in their own actions. By this I mean they are not consciously breaking rules set down by doctrine; when they feel they have done wrong, it is because their conscious is telling them they have done wrong. Hinduism has grown to become the worlds third largest religion, after Christianity and Islam. It claims about 950 million followers about 14% of the worlds population. It is the dominant religion in India, Nepal, and among the Tamils in Sri Lanka. Hinduism provides a freedom of belief system based in meditation and peaceful resolution to one’s problems. This belief of and by itself is an extremely beneficial factor in aiding the people of India and other densely populated areas maintain an ordered and peaceful society. In many areas of India, resources such clean water and food are limited and sometimes scarce and in the struggle for such limited commodities, tensions may run high. The precepts of Hinduism help the people share and take what they need without hoarding. With the spread of Hinduism throughout the countries of India, Nepal and Sri Lanka there has been a positive impact on the people not only in the accepting the scarcity of basic needs but in the tolerance of others not of the Hindu faith. Hindus, unlike Catholics or most other religions do not believe in judging others but instead are focused on self-perfection; this focus, done correctly would make judgment of others counterproductive to their underlying goal. It is meditation that helps them find there center to calm and relax, resulting in a more holistic perspecti ve to their problems. These attributes of Hinduism help the culture to be more relaxed and tolerant providing a greater chance for success in their democracy. A significant negative aspect in the society which is not entirely caused by the religion, but is also not helped by the religion is the apparent denigration of women including high levels of domestic violence. The desire for liberation from earthly existence is a basic premise of Hinduism and involves the perfection of oneself while being true to one’s individualism. The freedom to express themselves this is one reason people practice Hinduism. The primary teaching of Hindu is self-realization in that the people don’t follow a certain book or person to tell them what to do. True liberation means liberation of the individual soul from the constant cycle of births and deaths. Hindus understand that perfection might involve multiple lives and reincarnations to get it right and become a perfected being. Liberation is known in Hinduism as mukti, kaivalya, moksha or nirvana. When your soul becomes aware of the true nature of understanding and transcends into the sky to gain freedom and become one with the divine. As one of the oldest of all religions Hinduism has stood the test of time; partly perhaps due to the lack of a founding father or the lack of a dogmatic scripture which often becomes dated and irrelevant over time. Hinduism puts the responsibility for correct behavior on the follower personally, we all know when we have done wrong, and Hindus must be shamed by themselves alone. The religion helps followers deal with incredible hardships when it comes to meeting the basic needs of their families and avoid wasting time on jealousy of others who have more. They are more tolerant of others while focusing on self-perfection to achieve their ultimate goal of Nirvana; while Hinduism may not be for everyone, all of us could benefit from accepting some of these precepts. Reference Page 1.http://www.religioustolerance.org/hinduism.htm 2.http://www.answers.com/topic/hinduism

Hewlett Packard Case Study

Hewlett Packard Case Study Hewlett-Packard or HP is an American multination information technology corporation that that sells hardware, software and other related business services. The product line of HP includes a wide range such as PCs, servers, software, imagining products and scanners just to name a few. Hewlett-Packard also provides services and consulting business around its products and partner products. In 2013 under Lenovo, Hewlett-Packard was the world’s second biggest PC vendor. But with so many product lines and options for such a big company such as Hewlett-Packard what problem would it run into? This issue is this would cause a high cost of design manufacture, and introduce a new product, feature, or option exceed the additional revenue it is likely to generate. Not to mention this also what costs would be related with too little or too much inventory of such a product. You also want to consider the additional supply chain intricacy along with how does this all effect the customer satisfaction. Kathy Chou who is vice president of Worldwide Commercial Sales, responsible for growing HP’s worldwide commercial business through direct and indirect channels, said â€Å"While revenue grew year over year, our profits were eroded due to unplanned operational cost,† She later stated that â€Å"As product variety grew, our forecasting accuracy suffered, and we ended up with excesses of some products and shortages of others.† Constantly growing product variety would need to meet the increasing customer needs was the mode HP took. The problem at hand is was between marketing and operations. Marketing and sales always wanted more, more SKUs, more features, and more configurations where as supply chain mangers always wanted less, less to forecast, less inventory and less complexity to manage. Analysis and Evaluation Hewlett-Packard has always been within the top 5 of Vendor market share over that last 10 years, as you can see from the chart below of its Global laptop market share by units, percent from 2006-2013. Global laptop market share by units, percent (2006-2013) Rank 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 20131 1 Dell 15.9 HP 18.1 HP 18.2 HP 19.1 HP 17.9 HP 16.6 HP 16.1 Lenovo 16.9 2 HP 15.9 Dell 14.2 Dell 14.1 Acer 12.9 Acer 13.9 Lenovo 12.5 Lenovo 14.9 HP 16.2 3 Acer 7.6 Acer 9.7 Acer 10.6 Dell 12.1 Dell 12.0 Dell 11.7 Dell 10.7 Dell 11.6 4 Lenovo 7.0 Lenovo 7.4 Lenovo 7.5 Lenovo 8.0 Lenovo 10.9 Acer 10.8 Acer 10.2 Acer 8.1 5 Toshiba 3.8 Toshiba 4.0 Toshiba 4.6 Toshiba 5.0 Asus 5.4 Asus 5.7 Asus 6.9 Asus 6.3 Others 49.8 46.5 44.9 42.8 40.0 42.8 41.2 40.8 If HP wanted to stay on top each and every year it would need an answer, a tool, a way to fix all problems at hand and continue to improve each and every year. Recommendations HP wouldn’t be anything if it didn’t innovate and Kathy Chou was fully aware of this. With the rising cost and inefficiency associated with managing millions of products and configurations this problems â€Å"took their toll† she stated which soon she followed with â€Å"and we have no idea how to solve it.† So what would it take to solve these issues? HP would need a tool that would use a procedure or formula for solving a problem. HP combined a team within its company which would consist of HP Business Group, HP labs and HP Strategy Planning and Modeling and also individuals from a handful of consultancies and universities in order to work on the problems. Over the year the team would produced an analytically driven process for evaluating new products, created a tool for prioritizing existing products in a portfolio and developed an algorithm that solves the problem many times fast than previous technologies, which advancing the theory and practice of ne twork optimization. With all the hard work done over the years the team would be reward in 2009 with an Edelman award (worlds leading prize for excellence in operations research practices) in developing what was called a revenue coverage optimization (RCO). This tool would allow HP to offer customers significantly improved service and at the same time save the company tons of money in improved efficiencies. Once this tool was implemented, HP would be improved customer service and saved the company a lot of money. Also this improved efficiency with HP business with their customers. References: Turban, Efraim, and Jay E. Aronson. Decision Support Systems and Intelligent Systems. 9th ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 2001. Print. Hewlett-Packard (HP). What Is ? Web. 14 Nov. 2014. . Executive Biography. HP. Web. 14 Nov. 2014. . Gartner Says PC Vendors Experienced a Happy Holiday Season with Fourth Quarter Worldwide Shipments Increasing 12 Percent. Gartner Press Release. January 14, 2004. Questions for the Case When offering to many product lines and options that a big company such as HP might face are A high cost of design, manufacture, and introduce a new product, feature, or option exceed the additional revenue it is likely to generate The cost associated with too much or too little inventory for such a product, not to mention additional supply chain complexity, and how does all that impact customer satisfaction. The possible conflict between marketing and operations is that marketing and sales always wanted more, more SKUs, more features, more configurations where as supply chain mangers always wanted less, less to forecast, less inventory and less complexity to manage. HP combined a team within which would consist of HP Business Group, HP labs and HP strategy Planning and Modeling and also individuals from a handful of consultancies and universities. Produced an analytically driven process for evaluating new products Created a tool for prioritizing existing products in a portfolio Developed an algorithm that solves the problem many times fast than previous technologies, which advancing the theory and practice of network optimization. Whatis.com defines algorithm as a procedure or formula for solving a problem. An HP Senior Fellow Robert Tarjan has developed algorithms useful in everything from improving chip design to routing telephone calls, from optimizing deliveries in transportation networks to improving searches of large data sets. A software tool Revenue Coverage Optimization (RCO) was been developed that allowed HP to offer customers significantly improved service and at the same time save the company tons of money in improved efficiencies. This tool in 2009 won the Franz Edelman Award, the worlds leading prize for excellence in operations research practices. Robert Tarjan has received such major national and international awards as the ACM Turing Award, known as the â€Å"Nobel Prize† of computing, the Nevanlinna Prize and most recently, the Blaise Pascal Medal in Mathematics and Computer Science. References: Algorithm. What Is ? Web. 14 Nov. 2014. . Robert Tarjan. HP Labs. Web. 14 Nov. 2014. . The benefits HP gained from implementation of this model over all resulted in improved customer service and saved the company a lot of money. Also this improved efficiency with HP business with their customers.

Organisational Structure of Red Rooster

Organisational Structure of Red Rooster Red Rooster is owned Australia chicken brand. Red Rooster (n.d.) stated that it has over 360 stores and 5000 employees and well established franchise support network so Red Rooster is great successful fast food Franchise Company Australia owned brand. Red Rooster support each restaurant franchises such as operation system, commercial and promotion of brand and it designed to take minimise risk and maximise potential. Australian Fast Foods possessed Red Rooster until 2007 but Anne (2007) stated that Quick Service Restaurant Holdings (QSR) has bought Australian Fast Food (AFF) what was the owner of Red Rooster through. Since 2007, QSR is owner under name of fast food restaurants Red Rooster, Chicken Treat and Oporto. Is it a corporation, listed company, private company, franchise, national, international Describe ownership structure (who owns the company) 1.2 Organizational Structure (120 words) Red Roosters Head office is located on Western Australia and Northern Territory State and the owner is QSR but Quadrant Private Equity (2007) said that Quadrant which is the venture arm of the Westpac supported $180 million to Quick Service Restaurants Pty Limited has achieve Red Rooster and Quadrant majority own QSR. Red Rooster built up the own web page for marketing of their products and brand and the company is using the news media such as the internet, newspapers, radio, TV and Magazines for sending their message to all location of Australia. Moreover, Red Rooster has been developed in collaboration with Australian Association of National Advertiser (AANA) which company has promoted and protected the interests of advertiser community for enhancing their quality of commercial communication and made relationship with entertainment brands such as DreamWorks, Wanner Brothers and Hasbro for promotion of products to children and their parents (Red Rooster, n.d.). Chief Executive Office on QSR is Mark Lindsay Chief Executive Office on Quadrant is Chris Hadley Contact person is Gary Glen Where is HQ Other organizations owned, or associated with them Who is the CEO: spokesperson or contact person? (Be specific this does not require an internal management structure) what are the cc communication lines Industry Activities (120 words) Red rooster is leading fast food service in Australia. They try to provide their products as possible as quickly with high quality, value of service and hygiene which means that provide services and foods to customer with high satisfaction and keep innovation of their product that focuses on consumer and their life style. Therefore, the aiming is exceeding customer expectations. Seliske, Pickett, Boyce and Janssen (2008) indicated that Food retailers were categorized as full service restaurants, fast food restaurants, sandwich shops, coffee shops and grocery stores. It shows that fast food restaurant is categorized on retailer so Red Rooster is including on retail industry. Purpose of retail is sales of goods or products directly to purchasers in fixed location where they are organized. What do they do What industry Wholesale, retail, manufacturer, importer or combination. 1.4 Theory Stakeholder (300 words) The important of managing the business activities should understand the directions of influence which managers operate business activities successfully and achieve the organizations objectives effectively and the direction of influence are incorporated in stakeholder which is that Freeman (1984) any group or individual who can affect or support by achievement of the organizations objectives. Robert (2003) said that business organizations are among the most powerful social entities on the earth. Therefore, the organization should manage and identify stakeholders interest, needs and point of view (Friedman and miles, 2006). It shows that the purpose of business activities should consider of maximization stakeholders interesting and their fairness. Mutual relationship with stakeholders is a crucial for all of organizations which means that building and maintaining friendly relationships with stakeholders is vital component for achievement of companys objectives or goals. First of all, t he most important action is that the company should indentify who are our stakeholders because in the business world, different stakeholders including employers, government, financiers and customers exist and quietly concern with companys business and different stakeholders have different interests for the company so the company is treated differently. Stakeholder theory is helping to this task. This is because Friedman and Miles (2001) has opinion that stakeholder theory or approach has helped to identify and pursuit stakeholder responses to changes in corporate strategy. Moreover, theory of stakeholder suggests the way how managers formulate and implement processes which satisfy all who have a stake in the business (Freeman, 1984). Second important action is making friendship with stakeholders. Mutual relationship with stakeholders is a crucial for achievement of the companys objectives. On the other hand, it has given guarantees the long term success of business activities. Argad ona (1998) stated that Stakeholder theory is concerned about activity management of relationships and the promotion of shared interest in order to develop business strategies. It shows that stakeholder theory is helpful that the company achieve the business goal effectively and efficiently. Freeman (1984) Stakeholder theory It focuses that the organisation should consider stakeholder interests when they make business strategic Bruning Ledingham (2000) Relationship management approach This approach function builds and maintains organisations relationship with stakeholders (Bruning and Ledingham, 2000) Compatible Type A: Defensive Quadrant Private Equity Top management Type B: Opportunism Investors of Quadrant Private Equity (can check at http://www.quadrantpe.com.au/Investors who is their investors. Westpac Bank Trade association (Advertising Federation of Australia, Australian Barramundi Farmers Association, Australian Chicken Meat Federation, Dietitians Association of Australia) Educationalists Incompatible Type D: compromise Low level employees Government Customers Creditors Labour unions Suppliers: under Finesse Food Pty Ltd Kailis Organic Grove Barramundi Retailer in Thailand Beverage companies such as Coca-cola, Nestle, need more Type C: Elimination Criminal members of the public Animal Welfare NGOs Type A is necessary compatible relationship which all of these have strong connection with Red Rooster. Therefore, the company should protect relationship with them as a strategy Type B is contingent compatible institutional arrangements. Between Red Rooster and group in type B have the same interests. However, Red Rooster has no direct relationship with type B group members. An opportunistic strategy is the logical strategy. Type C is contingent incompatible institutional arrangements. Red Rooster has separated unconnected and opposed the interests with type D group members. It becomes a problem when one of two parties insists on its position. The strategy should depend the company own interest to seek elimination. Type D is necessary incompatible relations. It occurs when material interests are necessarily related to each other but their operations will lead to the relationship itself being threatened. The situation logic is concession and compromise Customer, employees, local communities, suppliers and distributors, shareholders, business partners, Government Who would be the stakeholders? Plenty of stakeholders Corporate Identity 1.6 Theory Corporate Identity A corporate identity is expressing the companys reality such as character and personality as conveyed through the organisations name, logo, motto, products, services, buildings, stationary, uniform and all of physical materials to create by the organisation and communicate to a variety of constituencies (Argenti, 2009). Identity would be more relation with organisational behaviour and psychology rather than marketing. Strong identity can help the organisation align with the marketplace, attract investment, motivate employees and serves as a means to differentiate their product and services (Melewar and Karaosmannoglu, 2006). It shows that identity is an effective strategic way to gain competitive advantages. However, development corporate identity is difficult. Bridge (2004) stated that a corporate identity is not simply the creation of a logo and some communication material and needs to keep care of it to ensure that it says relevant to the organisation. Furthermore, corporate ident ity is associated with wide range of components (see the figure ). It means that the organisation should consider various components which are related with corporate identity. Corporate culture Corporate culture and corporate identity are certainly connected and it is very difficult to separate the two (Melewar and Karaosmanoglu, 2006) because corporate culture help to develop the organisation identity and it is also generated the identity of organisation. Corporate communication Corporate design Corporate structure Corporate strategy Behaviour Control behaviour: employees behaviour is significantly effects on corporate identity. It means that it is the company characteristic and In this section you give a definition and discussion of corporate identity theory (and cite the sources). If you read enough you can describe and introduce different components of what constitutes corporate identify. You may find some variations in the different theories on this theme and it is proper that you comment and cite them. Make sure that you identify the main features from theory (300 words) 1.7 Company identity, activities and tools Red Rooster is usually located the services are usually for people who do not have enough time or short time to eat their foods. It is offering as low prices, limited menu and fast service What do they do and where do they do it city centres, shopping centres, main roads, specialist precincts, industrial vehicle insignias Discuss those company communication activities which are specifically focusing on communicating its identity. Some of these may include slogans, buildings, layout, etc. give examples to illustrate (250 words) Are there differences in use of logo / slogans You may put a company logo or similar in this section Figure 1, Company logo ~ its gotta be red

Liyana Badr’s A Balcony over the Fakihani, Pillars of Salt, by Fadia Faqir, and A Woman of Five Seasons, by Leila Al-Atrash :: A Balcony over the Fakihani

Liyana Badr’s A Balcony over the Fakihani, Pillars of Salt, by Fadia Faqir, and A Woman of Five Seasons, by Leila Al-Atrash In Liyana Badr’s novella, A Balcony over the Fakihani, the main character, Su’ad, meets and falls in love with a man named Umar, who towards the book’s end is killed in battle. What occurs between the meeting and the death constitutes the author’s attempt to process the environment in which she grew up. Similarly, Pillars of Salt, by Fadia Faqir, and A Woman of Five Seasons, Leila Al-Atrash, focus on and investigate women’s lives in the Arab world. At the very least, three issues are at work in these books. One string explores the oppressions and the joys, the perversities and the passions of Arab women. Another theme is Arab men’s behaviors and attitudes toward women. The final topic, which encompasses the other two, is the idea of literary form; that is, the particular ways in which the authors represent their experiences through writing. Taken together, these novels, in both shape and content, explore what it means to be a woman in an Arab , a man’s, world. One early scene in A Balcony Over the Fakihani is emblematic of the novella as a whole, as well as of the novels of Faqir and Al-Atrash; it encapsulates the authors’ artistic approach to the handling of their lives, the hostilities they must endure, the roles of Arab men and women, and the different ways both act within their setting. To begin, Badr artfully sets the stage in an almost journalistic fashion, parodying a newspaper’s objective approach in the face of so much human tragedy: "May 1973—tank gun and machine gun fire on Shatila camp (Badr, 45). This crafty setup is part and parcel of the way in which the author handles her topic. Only through art can she comprehend and process these events. In this respect, "The sky was lit with green and red stars, and the thunder and lightening wasn’t real thunder and lightening, but bullets from machine guns and small arms." In the midst of such fighting, Su’ad noticed "a white hair in the middle of her head. I couldn’t believe a baby’s hair could turn white" (46). Her disbelief is compounded when Im Hamdi sees the white hair and "cried out and wailed." Su’ad, in turn, is overcome by emotion. The two women hug and cry.

A Feared Ruler? :: essays research papers

Machiavelli was a man who was not worried about what was morally correct, but rather, what was politically deserved. He was in fact an honest and religious man, but he has become known for trickery and double-dealing. He thought that princes would have to start tricking his enemies, or even his people for the good of his state. In my opinion, his theory, â€Å"It is better to be feared than loved† is saying that when the people fear their ruler, the ruler will most likely get what he wants. When a ruler has control and intimidation over his people, they will most likely do what he says and follow his rules, out of fear. Some people might argue and say that if a ruler is loved than people will respect him and follow his rules. This is true, except, it is harder to get people to love and respect their ruler so much as to do everything they are told, than it is to get them to fear their ruler. Out of the three monarchs: Louis of France, Henry of England, and Ferdinand of Spain, I think Louis definitely exhibited Machiavelli’s theory the best. Louis depended on trickery, intimidation and bribery to get what he wanted. These three characteristics are exactly what Machiavelli believes in. Louis wanted to weaken the powers on the great lords in France so that he had all the power. Any noble that resisted Louis’s rule was bribed or threatened until the noble agreed with Louis. Once there was a cardinal who disobeyed Louis. He was locked in a small cage for 11 years. He couldn’t even stand up or sit down. The people under Louis’ rule were very scared of him that they were willing to put up anything to impress and agree with him. Louis was aiming for people to fear him though. I think he felt that it would in fact be easier to get people to fear him rather than respect him.

Spread of buddhism throughout china

Spread Of Buddhism In China Buddhism is a path of practice and spiritual development leading to Insight into the true nature of reality. It is a religion that was founded in India in the sixth century BCE and was brought to China by the first century CE. When Buddhism was brought to China and it gradually won over converts, expanded throughout China, and influenced Chinese culture as we know it. In spite of Buddhism's dissemination throughout China there were still Chinese people who didn't convert to Buddhism due to their strong Confucian beliefs.The Chinese had two vastly different points of iews about Buddhism. The first point of view of the Chinese would be anti- Buddhism. This point of view was popular in that of Confucian Scholars and officials at the Tang imperial court. According to document's 3, 4, 6 Buddhism wasn't religion that one should practice. In Document 3 an anonymous Chinese scholar asks readers , † If Buddhism is the greatest and most venerable of ways , why did the great sages of the past and Confucius not practice it? The Chinese scholar is saying that if Buddhism is so great why did Confucius or Laozi, the great sage of Daoism not ractice Buddhism. This implies that Buddhism wasn't that great of a religion after all. The Chinese Scholars claims are biased. He writes strictly about the bad things about Buddhism. It is one sided and only answers with what he believes are failings of Buddhism.According to document 4 Confucian Scholar and Tang official believes that Buddhism is no more than a cult. He states,† Buddhism is no more than a cult of the barbarian peoples spread to China. The speaker is angered that Buddha was being honored by the ruler at the time (Your Majesty). Buddha was not of Chinese escent, he was foreign and doesn't deserve for his body to be admitted to the palace. † Confucius said : Respect Ghost and spirits, but keep them at a distance! â€Å". The speaker expresses that he is ashamed of what Your Maje sty is doing and begs that Buddha's bones be burned so that Buddha's evil be rooted out of China. The Speakers claims are one sided. He is a leading Confucian Scholar and has strict roots in Confucianism.According to document 6, the speaker, the Tang Emperor Wu says â€Å"Buddhism wears out people's strength, pilfers their wealth, causes people to bandon their lords and parents for the company of teachers, and severs man and wife with its monastic decrees. † Buddhism goes against the views of Confucianism damaging the five key relationships due to its monastic decree. The emperor believes that Buddhism should be eradicated and that it is evil. His argument is one sided he even states that the Buddhist temples have reached boundless numbers sufficient enough to outshine the imperial palace.The emperor is fearful of his reign as emperor and his loss of power throughout China. All three of these documents escribe the evils and failings of Buddhism and why it should eradicated in china. All three documents are also biased. An additional document that would also promote anti- Buddhism would be a Journal entry from the father of a convert to Buddhism and his description on how his life has changed as his as lost sight of the way he raised man taught him the Chinese ways ot tilial piety The second point ot view of the Chinese would be pro-Buddhism. Pro-Buddhism views are shown in documents 1,2,and 5.According to document 1, the end of one's sorrows is through the Buddhist doctrine, â€Å"The Four Noble Truths. There is sorrow in everything if you have cravings or passion. To get over your sorrow you must release yourself from your cravings and passions and Buddhism will teach you how to. The speaker is Buddha himself and is one sided because others might not feel as if they have sorrows because they have passions or that their passions make them happy and not sorrowful. According to document 2 whoever serves the Buddha and correctly observes his commandments will at the end of their life enter nirvana.This is one sided because some people might disagree and say that there is no nirvana and that ou continue to be reincarnated even if you do believe in Buddha. According to document 5 Buddhism was established according to the demands of the age and the needs of various beings. It encourages good deeds, punishes the wicked ones and rewards good ones. This is not biased because not only was the writer a leading Buddhist scholar, he was favored by the Tang imperial household. He also says that Confucianism and Buddhism were created for the same reason and lead to the creation of an orderly society and they should both be observed with respect.Another document that would promote pro-Buddhism would be a speech from someone who converted to Buddhism and lost all of his sorrows following the four noble truths. The spread of Buddhism to China was perceived in different ways by the Chinese people. Despite these various perceptions it spread like a domino effect. To this day the Buddhism is still a major religion in China. The Chinese put their own spin on the religion and it has stuck ever since. Today it coexist with Confucianism, a future that didn't seem too bright in the first century CE.

The Philippine Insurrection

The late nineteen and early twentieth century marked the American interventions in South America and some part of Asia particularly Mexico and the Philippines. Events such as these established America as the credible and true superpower in the whole world. Its strategic involvement in many internal disputes of many countries paved the way in its recognition being a hegemony and symbol of peace and democracy. America’s involvement in many wars such as the First World War and Second World War resulted to enormous expansion of its political and economic power in the international arena.This is because America’s influence has gained the support of many countries especially those that adhere to freedom and democracy. The United Nations also found an ally in America in the promotion of world peace. One might question as to how America established credibility at the center of world conflict during that period. Another question would be what possible mistake America has committ ed that led to its defeat in wars in Vietnam, Somalia, and Iraq.In the light of history some factors that resulted to either victory or defeat of America in its involvement in different events in history might provide answers, and perhaps lesson to learn in its fight for freedom and democracy. The insurrection in the Philippines that took place after the United States bought it from Spanish was so intense that led to the killing of many American soldiers because Aguinaldo’s men were scattered around the Philippines to support the newly established government.On the other hand, the American intervention in Mexico during its revolution in 1911 was not as violent as what it did to the Philippines because Mexico was at the point of securing a government that was previously and legally established unlike the Philippines where it cost the United States large amount of money for its ownership. America’s effort could be presumed as for the purpose of annexation and expansion o f its power and to utilize the resources of its colonies.Generally, the United States’ success and failure in its intervention in the internal conflict of the Philippines and Mexico during the early twentieth century was due to its ability to display knowledge of the cultural and historical background of the subjects. A careful analysis of the culture and its history was obviously helpful in formulating strategies to invade the country using its weakest point. At this point, it is important to view both Philippine revolution in 1898 and Mexican revolution in 1902 as the people’s reaction to end social struggles in their country.Philippines dreamed to gain freedom from the bondage of three-hundred years of oppressive colonial rule of Spain, while Mexico wanted to end its labor dispute and social conflict. American’s action to end Filipinos’ struggle for freedom was both noble and intruding Epifanio San Juan described the Filipino-American in 1898 to 1902 a s a â€Å"fierce campaign of suppression† of Filipinos’ right for independence (p. 228). In the statement of President Aguinaldo’s adviser, Apolinario Mabini, Americans wrestled with weak people to rob them of their rights, which â€Å"believed to be inherent in natural law† (p.229). Philippines after achieving long dreamed liberation from Spanish colonization woke up one morning with new colonizer – the Americans. Brian Dirck stated that Filipinos’ effort to establish new government on its own â€Å"turned their attention to throwing the Americans out† (p. 50). The Filipinos’ reaction against the new colonizer could be easily link to their antagonistic feeling towards foreign powers imposing their will upon them.The three hundred years of oppressive colonial rule had left an enduring mark among the natives, thus they tend to be violent to the new colonial master which are now starting to impose their own will. Dirk stated that the Filipinos effort led to â€Å"violent confrontations †¦, with insurgents destroying military targets, harassing and killing American soldiers, and persuading (by force, if necessary) wavering Philippine civilians to join the independence movement† (p. 50-51). Americans’ response to this condition according to Dirck was characterized by both â€Å"a carrot and a stick† (p.51), which means that Americans tried to win the hearts and minds of the Filipinos through civic efforts such as construction of roads, schools, hospitals, etc, and at the same time combating the insurgent through its brutal tactics aiming at those involved in the resistance. The American efforts of re-establishing the Philippines however, were commendable. Unlike the Spanish rule which were marred with corruption, exploitation, oppression, discrimination, and injustice, the Americans were sincere in their efforts towards developing the Philippine nation.Unfortunately, the new colonize r for Filipinos was truly traumatic while the need for self-government was perceived as necessary that despite regional differences the people were united to attain that dream. Americans understood it well; the government’s promised independence served as the strong tie between the two countries. The Americans were indeed a better colonizer, as they were determined to develop the country by educating the people by fostering infrastructure developments and by putting the country towards the right direction. In his letter to the Atlantic Monthly for February, 1909: W.Cameron Forbes, then governor wrote, â€Å"We have completed the separation of Church and State, buying out from the religious orders their large agricultural properties, which are now administered by the government for the benefit of the tenants. We have put the finances on a sound basis†¦ We have established schools throughout the archipelago, teaching upward half a million children† (Ford, R. p. 213) . The American intervention in the Philippines can be considered successful in view of the three critical factors that were important in achieving their goals.It was clear that the goals of the United States in were to establish their supremacy in Asia. These three factors include Education, Infrastructure developments, and Economic rehabilitation. These factors were clearly illustrated in the letter of Cameron Forbes above, in which the Americans did well, and eventually gained the support and loyalty of the Filipino people. Besides, the newly established government led by Aguinaldo was premature and the whole country was not prepared for self-government. The American intervention in Mexico appeared as for self-interestAmerican intervention in the civil war began when General Victoriano Huerta said â€Å"I will not recognize a government of butchers† (p. 866), which angered U. S. President Wilson. He supported new revolutionary army under Venustiano Carranza; American force took Veracruz but it was rejected by Mexican people who at that point united to rebuff foreign invasion. Since Carranza the leader of Constitutionalists who occupied the city in 1914 was chosen and supported by the American to lead the war, America thought it would interfere with its government once it was established (p.866). However, disagreement between Carranza and Wilson over the interest of Mexico led to closer relations between Germany and Mexico, thus, the American intervention in Mexico â€Å"provoked strong sense of nationalism where Carranza adopted a firm anti-U. S. stance† (p. 869). The American intervention in Mexico was therefore a failure. There was no doubt that one of the causes of this failure was the U. S. display of arrogant colonial attitude at the Tampiko incident involving US sailors who were mistakenly arrested in the offshore of Tampico in April 9, 1914.Upon realizing their mistakes, the Mexican officials quickly released the sailors and apologized f or their mistakes. However, as Stacy pointed out, â€Å"†¦ the naval commander demanded that the Mexican salute the US flag. Mexico’s response refusing US demand could be just the right thing to do being an independent and sovereign nation. However, the US action was punitive yet without justifiable cause. Despite the apology made by the Mexican officials, they invaded Veracruz killing more than two hundred Mexican in the process, all for the Huerta’s refusal to salute the American flag.In effect, this action united Mexican of all factions against the Americans (Stacy, p. 866). Another cause of the failure of American intervention in Mexico was that the intervention lacked noble objective. While Mexico has been in the throes of social, political, and economic disorders, it appears that not one of these was the reason of American intervention in Mexico. Rather, as Stacy pointed out, the American action was triggered by the remark made by the acting president Gener al Victoriano Huerta saying â€Å"I will not recognize a government of butchers† (Stacy, p.866). Besides, the conflict between America and Mexico according to Alan McPherson â€Å"had a lasting impact in Mexico†¦ [that] inspired both resentment about the past and trepidation about the future† (p. 39). The third factor for the American intervention was the political and economic interest of the U. S. Hart noted that the US alliance with prominent Mexican opposition yielded much of the Mexican land to American capitalist (Hart, p. 287). America wanted to protect its interest over the land.Hart mentioned that â€Å"Wilson administration policies toward the Mexican Revolution continued the defense initiated by President Taft and the state government of Texas of American property and commercial interests inside Mexico and along the border† (Hart, p. 283). The American intervention in the Philippines and Mexico provides had some degree of similarities and differe nces. Both countries had been under Spanish colonial rule; both had experienced socio-economic and political disorders, oppression, exploitation, and poverty.However, in contrast with Mexico, the American interventions in the Philippines were motivated by a more justifiable objectives and colonial policies. While the American objectives maybe was to protect its own personal interests in Asia, their policies towards the subdued people were nobler and were aimed towards the development of the nation and its people. American intervention in Mexico on the other hand was merely based on subjective political issues that may not be directly beneficial to the masses.Conclusion Success and failure of American intervention was due largely on its ability to display knowledge of culture and history of the countries. America interfered in the internal affair of the Philippines by winning the heart and mind of much larger Filipinos through civic actions while torturing those who resisted America. Filipinos therefore developed loyalty to the Americans. Mexico on the other hand, rejected intervention from America because of the previous Mexican-American War that occurred in 1846.America failed to draft policies that would end the social problem in the land; rather it appeared as invader who would rob the people of their rights over the properties of their land. There are two sources of learning from these two cases of US interventions not so much because it involved two countries, but because this situation involved two different approaches of interventions. First, military intervention in the Philippines was successful in view of their development effort.They were successful in conveying to the natives their concern to educate them, to build roads projects and hospitals. On the other hand, Mexicans’ struggle to attain economic freedom and equality was not given attention; instead it resulted to more hostilities. It is therefore obvious that intervention should be made according to a clear purpose of building lasting relationship in which both countries will gain benefits. Primarily addressing the cause of conflict is the best strategy to employ to gain citizens’ loyalty.Reference Dirck, B. (2003) Waging War on Trial. USA: ABC-CLIO. Hart, J. M. (1997) Revolutionary Mexico. USA: University of California Press. McPherson, A. (2006) Anti-Americanism in Latin America and the Caribbean. USA: Berghahn Books. Rhodes, J. F. (2007) The McKinley and Roosevelt Administration 1897-1909 USA: READ BOOKS San Juan, E. (2004) Working Through the Contradictions: From Cultural Theory to Critical Practice. USA: Bucknell University Press. Stacey, L. (2002) Mexico and the United States. USA: Marshall Cavendish.

Wonder Drug

Wonder Drug Most people know that Penicillin is an extremely important drug, but few know just how important and influential it really is. Think about what life would be like today without it. What would be of contemporary medicine today? Would society as a whole succumb to these relentless infinitesimal organisms? What would have been of one’s ancestors if they too like so many before and after incurred a serious infection? This essay shall explore these questions and many like it. It will explain why penicillin is undoubtedly the best medication of the century, perhaps the best medication ever in existence.Penicillin is produced by a bread mold, known as Penicillium. The discovery of Penicillin sometimes referred to as the â€Å"wonder drug† has been the most important drug to date. It has the ability to kill just about any bacterial infection and at the time of it’s creation there was no other drug or anything like it. To this date it has saved millions of chi ldren, women, men and animals. The wonder drug was originally discovered purely by accident by one Alexander Fleming, a Scottish Scientist in the year 1928.Penicillin was later developed further by many different Scientists who were able to use it to create numerous versions of antibiotics to cure a vast range of illnesses. Antibiotics have been used for several years in treatment for a variety of skin disorders, sexually transmitted diseases, strep throat, and respiratory illnesses. Before Penicillin was discovered, if one were to have a serious infection, death was irrefutable. People often would die of the smallest wounds due to bacterial infections. Bacteria mutates quite often, creating antibiotic-resistant organisms. Which makes it become resistant to the drug.Even with this said, there are still only a small amount of bacteria that Penicillin and it’s predecessors can not tackle and over come. One of Penicillin’s most advertised uses was for combating sexually t ransmitted diseases. There are websites that show old advertisements for penicillin on the side of mailboxes that shamelessly state, â€Å"Penicillin cures gonorrhea in four hours see your doctor today. †   Believe it or not during the late 1940’s researchers from the United States performed experimental studies in Guatemala. They had to because these types of studies were not allowed in the states.So with the cooperation of the Guatemalan government, local prostitutes were used to pass on STD’s to prisoners, insane asylum patients, and Guatemalan soldiers to test the wonder drug’s effectiveness. Out of approximately thirteen hundred infected people, eighty three died. Although at that time it was not possible to establish if the experiments were the actual cause of death. Penicillin made a major difference in the amount of amputees and deaths during World War II. Because of the difficulties of manufacturing large amounts of Penicillin, availability was extremely limited.Imagine what the death toll would have been if Penicillin had not been made readily available? In fact Penicillin was so scarce, that in it’s infancy, medical personnel would collect the urine from patients and filter the drug from the urine and reuse it. This is because Penicillin passes through the body at rapid rate, usually in about three to four hours. So some may wonder what makes Penicillin so significant, and what makes it the most important medical drug that has ever come into existence? A lot would argue perhaps Morphine or even the Smallpox vaccines are better examples for the most valuable drug.And although one who would argue this may have some validity to one’s argument in an overall comparison there is really no comparison. Smallpox was a devastating disease that crippled the world, the survival rate was approximately seventy percent, which left the other thirty percent of it’s victims suffering immensely. One who contracted thi s disease would develop blisters and a high fever and often feel malaise with head and body aches and sometimes experience violent vomiting. The blisters were excruciatingly painful and there was little to ease the pain and suffering for its victims.The fever was like none other, often so high that it would cause seizures and hallucinations. It was not until the year 1796 that the Smallpox vaccine was created by a scientist named Edward Jenner. Yet as significant of a vaccine this was it does not outweigh the benefits of Penicillin. At the time Smallpox was a great vaccine for the world. After the world wide eradication though, there was no longer a demand for it. The only people who receive the vaccine currently are military personnel and government contractors traveling overseas. Which in a way is better considering the risks of the vaccine.Some of the risks include seizures, an actual mild case of smallpox, risk spreading it to others by being careless with one’s open woun ds, plus it only provides ninety five percent immunity for up to five years. Penicillin has a decent amount of competing antibiotic drugs such as Clindamycin, Azithromycin, Doxycyclin. First and foremost these would not be in existence if it wasn’t for the creation of Penicillin to perpetuate the making of these. All of the competitor drugs are just various versions of Penicillin so as one can see there is very little argument that it’s predecessors are only what they are because of Penicillin’s creation.The only difference between all of these is the functionality due to the amino group and the gram spectrum of the bacteria one heals. This basically means that each one of these targets a different part or kind of bacteria, but still uses the same principle of the original drug. This is why as stated above there is no argument when it comes to the importance of the creation of Penicillin. This essay has explored what Penicillin is, why it is so influential, and who has benefited from it.It has been used in an array of situations from anything such as a sexually transmitted diseases to strep throat. There is no discrediting the fact that without Penicillin the world as one knows it would never have come into existence, this is why Penicillin is conclusively the most important medical drug ever in existence. Works Cited â€Å"Drugs. † Questions and Answers for Consumers on Penicillin G Procaine. Food and Drug Administration, 23 May 2003. Web. 11 Mar. 2013. . â€Å"Smallpox Disease Overview. † CDC Smallpox. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 30 Dec. 2004. Web. 11 Mar. 2013. .

English Language Article Comparison Essay

In this piece of work I will be comparing two articles from newspapers. Both the articles are about the same story and were printed on the same day (Tuesday October 13th 1998), however they are from two different newspapers. One of them is from The Sun and the other from The Telegraph, the main difference between these two papers is that The Sun is a tabloid and The Telegraph is a broadsheet. Throughout this piece of work I will try to examine the difference in their attitudes towards writing news due to this variation in category of newspaper. The article concerns dogs that were at a police dog training unit, the instructor allegedly forced a handler to kick and hang the dogs, one of the dogs involved died. The first and most distinctive thing you realise about these two stories is the difference in headlines. Firstly in The Telegraph the height of the letters involved is only approximately 1cm where as in The Sun it is 2. 6cm. This clearly shows that The Sun wants to make a larger impact and draw your attention to that particular story. Other points about the headlines that back this up are the style of writing. In The Telegraph the headline has been written in serif, this means that the editor has decided to use a font which includes small decorative lines at the ends of letters, however The Sun’s headline is in sans serif and so doesn’t have these lines. This makes the letters much more sharp, and ‘right-angled’ this gives a hard feel to the words and helps attract readers. Another way the editor has used the headline to attract the reader in The Sun is by using block capitals, this instantly makes the letters bigger, stand out and coupled with the words being in bold black and sans serif gives a real shock effect. A similarity between these two headlines though is that they both use quotes, this makes it sound and feel more real to a reader because it says exactly what actual people said and after having read the subheadline, probably what they said in court. However, I personally feel that the main difference is the actual words that have been used. The Sun’s headline is much more emotive, it uses words such as ‘cruel’, ‘kick’ and death. These words will instantly capture people and conjure up images that will stir their imagination and make them want to read on. Not only this but the headline also reads ‘kick his own dog to death’, this makes it seem even worse because it wasn’t a dog belonging to the police but his own family pet. It makes the whole thing seem even more cruel and will once again make people more interested in the story, especially for people who have pet dogs. However, The Telegraph is much more informative and factual, it makes a statement about what happened without going into detail about the emotions of it. It says; ‘Police ‘told to kick and punch dogs†, although it does uses words such as ‘kick’ and ‘punch’ it uses them in a way to inform what the police had been told to do and doesn’t go into detail about what the trainer was like. I also feel an interesting thing to also look at is the use of ‘made’ and ‘told’ in these two headlines. When The Sun says ‘†¦made cop kick his own god to death’ it uses ‘made’ to incriminate the trainers, it makes it sound like the policemen didn’t have a choice and that the whole incident was the trainers fault. Whereas The Telegraph uses ‘told’, this is much more informative and is simply saying what happened, there is no emotional influence in the way The Telegraph have written this headline. The subheadlines are also quite interesting, firstly their placing, The Telegraph has decided to place the subheadline before the main headline and in The Sun it has been placed after the headline. This may have been done for a number of reasons. In The Telegraph the subheadline reads; ‘German Shepard died after punishment, court told’ this subheadline has probably been used to give the reader a bit more information about the story before they read on like the type of dog involved and the fact that the dog died. In The Sun they have decided to put the information that the dog died in their headline and the fact it was a German Shepard isn’t mentioned in The Sun at all. On to The Sun’s subheadline and it simply reads ‘Jury told of punishment’ this has been put after the headline to inform the reader of where the quote of the headline came from. As well as this in The Sun not only does it have a subheadline after the headline, it also has other subheadlines throughout the story to introduce new parts of the article and to split it into three parts; the extra subheadlines are ‘Warned’ and ‘Shaking’. These words are actually used in the section of the article they introduce so that the reader will want to continue. You notice these words and they stand out because they are very expressive and they give you information about what is going to happen in the article even if you don’t read on. I also feel that The Sun has used these particular words to good use, if you didn’t have time to read the whole article and only read the headline and these subheadlines you would leave with a very strong feeling of hatred towards the trainers. Not only with words like ‘made’ which I have already explained, but when it is followed by a subheadline of ‘warned’ it makes you feel as though the police were threatened by the trainers and were warned by them to do nothing wrong. I personally feel that The Telegraph has a more hard-hitting headline for a particular reason. The Sun has made it’s main headline strike out of the page and really make you read on, this means they have put a simple subheadline so as not to overshadow the headline. Whereas The Telegraph has done it the other way around, their headline is not so hard-hitting so the editor has decided to include an emotive subheadline to aid the reader in being interested in the story and to red on. After having seen the headlines and been attracted to the story you begin to read the main text. Straight away in the hook paragraph you can see differences in the papers’ attitudes. Firstly, and most obviously the fact that in The Sun the first paragraph has been written in bold, and simply written normally in The Telegraph. Once again it seems that The Sun has been much more emotive in its approach. Words such as ‘forced’ and ‘kicked it’ are used, not only this but the word ‘DIED’ is written in block capitals, this is to emphasise the word and everything it means and the horror of what happened to the dogs. Words used in The Telegraph are very interesting. The first line explains that the dogs were ‘chastised’, it is interesting they should use this word because although it is hard hitting it probably doesn’t have the same effect on you as ‘kicking’ (which is in The Sun). However The Telegraph does say that dogs were ‘hung helplessly from a wall by their leads’ this is then followed by ‘a court was told yesterday’ it is as though The Telegraph wants to remain on the fence by simply stating what was said but at the same time drumming up emotion in the reader and making them read on, all in all The Sun is more opinionated and The Telegraph is trying as best it can to stay factual. A similarity between the two stories is the use of quotation. Both articles have many quotes from the police officers and trainers in question and almost all of the quotes were said in court. This could well be because on the day these two articles were published the case was still in court and they had little else to go on than this. Also the writer of the article in The Sun has done something slightly unusual in that he has decided to put some paragraphs into italics. This is almost certainly to draw the readers attention to that part of the story and make them read and think about it a different way. There are three paragraphs throughout the article that are in italics and out of these two of them focus on the cruelty to the animals, they go into detail about the way in which this happened and how the dogs reacted to it. The third paragraph describes how two of the handlers left in protest to what was going on before the dog died. Both these points are quite significant to the overall story and you can see why the writer may well have wanted the reader to be more aware of these facts that perhaps other points. Another point that I have found very interesting is sentence type used in both articles. It is normal for newspapers to use a lot of declarative sentences, these help the reporter to get across to the reader all the important information quickly and easily. An example from The Sun would be; ‘PC James English told the court his dog Tazz had been hanged for growling’ and The Telegraph; ‘Trainers at the police dog unit, based at Sandon, Chelmsford, Essex’. However, differences occur between the newspapers when you look at the use of complex sentences, these are more rarely used in papers as they are longer and are not so dramatic. However, as you would except it is The Telegraph that has used a couple but The Sun has used a lot fewer. As I have already described, The Telegraph is a more up-market paper and is aimed towards a sector of society who appreciate this sort of writing whereas The Sun is not. In fact a complex sentence has been used in The Telegraph to say the same as my last quotation of a declarative sentence from The Sun; †PC James English said his dog, Tazz was twice subjected to the hanging method after he had growled during training’.