University of Chicago free essay sample

Each year, University of Chicago hosts a hunt; a one-of-a-kind only competition that asks college students to find over three hundred items in little more than half of a week. Although most schools make analogous demands on a day-by-day basis, University of Chicago’s stands out in that its list is not an index of textbooks. Its list is not a rubric. Its list is the â€Å"Scav Hunt.† As part of the hunt, U of C asks students scour the streets for a list of notoriously arbitrary items. Most recently, it has called for both sentient and slain bodily organs (#8 and #267, respectively); a forthcoming monarch (#66), and cowboy attire that is both vegan and vagabond friendly (#77). Just as U of C asks its students and faculty to push beyond the boundaries of intellectual impossibility, the competition asks teams to find the impossible—and just as Enrico Fermi’s ambitions fashioned the first artificial nuclear reaction, students return to campus in cars brimming with umbilical cords, elephants, and bee beards. We will write a custom essay sample on University of Chicago or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Their zeal inspired me to embark upon a quest of my own; an enumerated prowl for the most unpredictable albeit paramount of undergraduate attributes. This is what I came up with. 1. ______ Campus architecture that resembles Hogwarts. [20 points, +5 points for dining arrangements reminiscent of the Great Hall’s, +10 points for a credible ‘house’ system] 2. ______ A curricular intersection of my intellectual inclinations and interdisciplinary intrigue. [100 points, +200 points for the birthplace of a completely new school of economic thought, +100 points for a top-tier law school with introductory courses open to undergraduates] 3. ______ A legacy; perhaps Freakonomics, Obama, and Ashcroft? [10 points] 4. ______ A student ID that doubles as a free admission pass to two of my favorite museums, The Art Institute of Chicago and Chicago’s Contemporary Museum of Art. [10 points] 5. ______ Weekly milkshake discounts. [5 points] 6. ______ A ‘core’ curriculum that does not make laughter painful. [25 points] 7. ______ A stimulating community of individuals committed to maximizing their impact upon society [30 points, +1 point for each approachable hipster intellectual] 8. ______ A mutual coexistence of professors and undergraduate seminars that doesn’t end with a photo session. [25 points] 9. ______ A picturesque synthesis of my favorite city’s scenic wonder; an emblem to the real-world relevance of exhaustive instruction. [20 points] 10. _____ Mock Trial, Student Government, and Students for a Democratic Society. [10 points] Although I have kept the University of Chicago at the back of my mind since the seventh grade, it wasn’t until this summer that the college became my top choice. As I began to pursue an overwhelming assortment of college guidebooks, I discovered a shocking disparity. Despite all that each institution claimed to offer, none but U of C could offer me what I wanted in a college—concentration; a challenging core; a clever community. None but U of C could bring me that intellectual and interactional fulfillment that I have always longed for. None could even offer me the opportunity to write this—an essay based wholly off of a whimsical scavenger hunt.

Who Invented Memorial Day and How Do People Celebrate It

Who Invented Memorial Day and How Do People Celebrate It Memorial Day On May 1, 1865, slaves who were freed gathered in Charleston having an aim of commemoration the Union soldiers who died during the Civil War. In 1868, an order was issued, which proclaimed May 30 as Decoration Day. On this day, people decorated the graves of those ones who had died protecting their country. In those years, there was the political reunion of the nation, but it was still divided culturally, and the Memorial Day observations also differed in many states. In the northern part of the USA, national cemeteries were created for people who died during the war, and this day became an official observation in the 1870s. In the southern part of the country, in April-June, women wore white dresses and honored the fallen Confederate leaders. By the beginning of the 20th century, Memorial Day turned into a national holiday. As the USA pays obeisance to the 150th anniversary of the end of Civil War, people should revisit the origins of this observance among freed slaves in Charlesto n. Those freed people honored the ones who struggled for their liberation; it was not just a day of triumph and celebration for freed slaves, but a difficult process, which led to the death of big amount of former slaves. While freedpeople honored the overwhelming amount of Union soldiers who lost their lives during the war, only some of them have noticed the ways in which war and liberation led to the extremely impressive mortality of huge amount of former slaves. They emancipated themselves from slavery and entered into the socium plagued by horrible diseases, such as dysentery and cholera, which could not be treated at those times, and from which thousands of people suffered and died. People often forget that the major amount of soldiers died from illnesses, not from combat wounds or battle. During their fight for freedom, slaves often lacked food, clothing, and shelter. In such conditions, they were unprotected and a smallpox epidemic exploded between 1863 and 1865. Eventually, this epidemic took the lives of more than 60,000 ex-slaves, and other diseases raised their deaths to well over a million. There was no chance to back to life for ex-slaves who died during the war and after it. South is a place where an incredible amount of black people died not from battle, but from illnesses and sicknesses. To recognize the 150th anniversary of the end of Civil War, we must keep in our minds that there were freed black people who created Memorial Day. We must know and realize that their prayers were not only for soldiers on the first Memorial Day but for their families as well, who died during the horrible war that was meant to make them free.

Business Strategy in Extractive Industries Essay

Business Strategy in Extractive Industries - Essay Example The company must improve on its reserve replacement rate. Although, the company has a good price earnings ratio, still they need to work on their return on equity values. This is significant from the investors’ point of view. Overall the company has a ‘stable’ financial state. At the same time it has enough strength to strengthen its performance in the next years. Statoil is a leading European company engaged in natural oil and gas production. It is Norway based company and has expanded in most of the major oil and gas markets of the world. It has been operating in this industry since the last 28 years and has acquired a lion’s share in the market. It is the biggest oil and gas company in Norway. The industrial structure of Norway is very competitive with high degree of governmental interference. Most of the oil and gas reserves in Norway are controlled by the government. Statoil has been no exception to it and Government holds nearly 70% of its total stake. However, now the government is looking forward to open the economy by liberalizing the market. If the government is successful in its attempts, the competition in the energy industry will be intensified further. Statoil has become one of the major players in the energy industry as it has successfully acquired the competitive advantage over its competitors. In order to develop the competitive advantage, Statoil has maintained its resources and capabilities quite efficiently. Major resources of Statoil include its vast oil & gas reserves and its up-to-date technology & innovation. Apart from these, it has also acquired sufficient skilled manpower and financial resources. These resources have enabled the company to gain an upper hand by adding value to its brand image. Overall financial position of Statoil is satisfactorily stable. The P/E and liquidity ratio and low-debt preference indicate the stabile condition of the company. However, according to

System Analysis and Design Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

System Analysis and Design - Essay Example Failure to display them could result to a loss of customers to her immediate competitors thus resulting to the loss of a chance to increase her sales or it may also make the customers unable to deduce whether she may be selling the product that they need. In order to solve this issue within a minimal space that her store has she makes use of a limited storage space within the back of her store to stock a few extra product quantities so as to dodge running out of stock. This may be said to call for her employees’ help in restocking shelves often when need arises. Carol may also be said to have suppliers who make deliveries within a particular time scheduled by her and them; they may be said to be her store’s only opportunities to obtain supplies; thus there might be a need for a timely order of products. All these, in our view, could be extremely tedious and costly since she might often be forced to employ workers to help in the arrangement of goods within the display sh elves. The key objective of this project may be to implement an effective DBMS, which would enable Carol: To keep an accurate product inventory, whether on display or within the store room; To alert Caro or her employees in case there might be need for a restock of the display shelves with goods from the store room, then later updating the inventory with the restocked amount; To making a preparatory timely placement order from every supplier; Business benefits and recommendation The primary business benefit that needs to be enjoyed from the use of the new system is for Carol’s store to maintain its level of competitiveness within the market at low costs. Other intermediate benefits may include: Improved record keeping Cut down on the errors brought about by the manual order processing Reduce the levels of staffing within phone-order and mail-order processing Cause increment of turnover through the tracking of popular items’ sales as well as slow movers. Efficient movem ent of products from the store to the display shelves thus resulting to more sales due to the consumer awareness created. Timely delivery of goods from suppliers, which would in turn result to an efficient flow of goods to consumers thus cutting down on deficits The creation of new channels of marketing as a result of efficient display and timely supply; After the review of the planning process, it could be recommended that the system be implemented. This could be because the cost incurred in its development may not exceed the advantages enjoyed by the store together with the community at large immediately the employee training process and the installation process are complete. This may be because it can be considered cost effective yet advantageous. System capabilities An extremely new and fresh Database Management System would be implemented, installed and further maintained. In order to ensure that the business benefits are obtained: This database would be sure to make a provisio n that may track as well as update information on inventory when products ought to be delivered, moved to the display shelves from the store room, sold or even entirely removed from the inventory. The database would also be able to make a provision of information about the products stocked within the store every time new supplies are made. This may, therefore, provide Carol with a perfect opportunity to make timely orders, effective displays as well as

Soviet Sports and the relation to politics in the cold war Research Paper

Soviet Sports and the relation to politics in the cold war - Research Paper Example Similarly, this spirit of competition was not merely limited to those states/actors that supported the West/NATO with reference to capitalism over communism. Instead, the Soviet Union actively sought to promote the superiority of its system of government through the use of its various techniques to include: the arms race, the space race, advances in technology, and prowess displayed through expertise in sporting events. This analysis will work to research the level and extent to which the Soviet Union promoted sport as a means of spreading ideology throughout the world.1 Furthermore, the analysis will seek to answer the question of how this â€Å"threat† was understood by the United States and its allies. Similarly, the understanding of sport as a means towards a political end will be examined as a function of how the Soviet Union viewed these activities. However, before such an analysis is thoroughly performed, it is necessary to delve into an explanation of how the Soviet Un ion developed and fielded some of the most talented athletes that the 21st century has had to offer. Similarly, the research will work to show how the Soviet Union used sport as a means to domestically foster ideas relating to Communism, teamwork, collectivism, physical education, resourcefulness, as well as encouraging elements of national pride and patriotism. In this way, the paper will analyze the extent to which Soviet policies and ideologies directly affected the cultivation and development of the raw talent that it subsequently introduced to the world. Similarly, the scope of desired outcomes that the Soviet Union hoped to achieve from the implementation of such a broad and overarching commitment to sports will be analyzed. Development, Ideology and Vision Prior to the end of the Second World War, the Soviet Union was only represented in two international sporting unions. This was mainly due to the fact that the Soviet Union had been dedicating all its resources to marshal ac tivities involving preparing troops for the front lines. However, the arrival of peace after 1945 allowed the Soviet Union to continue to focus on building up their armed forces while fostering a robust sporting and physical fitness culture. These activities were noticed by the remainder of the world and many American observers of the time noted the rapid growth and dynamism that was portrayed by the Soviet sporting teams. One observer noted, â€Å" The Central Committee of the Soviet Union had the following to say with regards to the role that sport should play in the lives of the citizen, â€Å"Physical culture must be considered not only from the standpoint of physical education and health and as an aspect of the cultural, economic and military training of youth (the sport of rifle marksmanship and others), but also as one of the methods of educating the masses (in as much as physical culture develops will power and builds up endurance, teamwork, and resourcefulness and other v aluable qualities), and in addition, as means of rallying the broad masses of workers and peasants around the various Party, soviet, and trade union organizations, through which the masses of workers and peasants are to be drawn into social and political activity†

The Ritual Of Sati In Hindu Religioun

The Ritual Of Sati In Hindu Religioun The practice of sati, the immolation of widows, is the most tenacious example of religious customs. Many people often associate the concept of sati with just India; however, the practice of self-immolation has been widespread in world history. The article written by Jorg Fisch, claims that examples of sati can be traced to incidents of headhunting in Southeast Asia (Fisch 2001: 301) and the ritual murder of a kings cook, brewer, and shepherd in Baganda (Fisch 2001: 299). In order to understand the reasoning behind the ritual one must look into every aspect of it from the angles of different religious traditions. So, as one can see sati is not unique to India. However, the cases of sati, even though, rare, have still taken place since the proclamation of Indias independence in 1947. The most recent case that has sparked a heated debate is the sati of eighteen-year old widow, Roop Kanwar. The most surprising consequence of young womans death was the fact that women from different parts of the country rallied demanding to be permitted to commit sati (Kumar 1995: 76). The pro-sati lobbyists fought for their rights to commit, worship, and propagate sati; it got to the point where the Sati Dharma Raksha Samti (the Committee for the Defense of the Religion of Sati) was formed (Hawley 1994: 9). This group was run by educated Rajput men in their twenties and thirties who claimed that sati was a fundamental part of their traditions; a refusal to legitimize sati, they said, was a deliberate attempt to marginalize the Rajputs (Kumar 1995: 81). To fully grasp the concept of sati one must look into history of the ritual and not only in India but in other countries as well; search for examples and reasoning in sacred texts; and discover the attitudes both supporting and opposing sati that exist in modern day India. The rituals of sati exist throughout the world in documented cases that were reported in various countries. Jorg Fisch reports, in his paper, that human sacrifice was practiced frequently in China. He follows the pioneering scholar of Chinese religion J.J.M. de Groot in saying that Confucius and his followers opposed it, however de Groot disagrees that it was Confucian opposition that ended the practice in China (de Groot 1976: 300-301, 310, 320). The history reports that sometimes great numbers of ordinary people were lured to the mausoleum of an emperor only to be locked up to be buried alive (Fisch 2001:313). But it is not the brutal practice of massive murders of ordinary people that makes the ritual of sati come alive in Chinese history but rather the account of childless concubines being buried with the first emperor. Later, the custom of following emperors in death which was reserved for only those from the lower class was followed by the suicide of widows. It was considered t o be a form of faithfulness and a reflection of not only on the changing nature of Confucianism but also other religious traditions emerging in China. Regardless of the religious opposition the practice remained in place for a while. Just like in India, Chinese religious opposition failed to convince people that sati is inhumane and unnecessary. Just like in India, it was due to the fact that general population held strong beliefs in life after death and that by following their husbands the widows were fulfilling their dharma therefore it could not be wrong. The reasons that drove Chinese widows to commit sati included deep sorrow at the death of a beloved spouse; the anticipated difficulties of life as a widow, including the threat of forced remarriage; and, as for Indian sati widows, the possibility of honor, enshrinement, even deification (Fisch 2001:311, 316). But within the same faiths, as daughters and daughters-in-law with seniors to care for, as beneficiaries of their parent s gift of life and body, as mothers to their husbands heirs, as officiants in the ancestral cult, as lay Buddhist devotees, or as women tough enough to honor life-long vows of chastity, they might also choose to live an honorable life. They could do so while still believing in a life after death, or in repeated, rather than final, judgment of their sins and virtues, or they might believe in honor for its own sake and the immortality of their name. Just like India, China held belief that everyone holds a choice over their own destiny and are free to either follow the dead or remain alive. There is no stigma or shame attached to either. The ritual of sati has been in the lives of Hindus for many generations. There are accounts of sati or the refusal of thereof in the sacred texts of Hinduism. Sati is mentioned in both the Rig Veda and the Atharva Veda, two sacred texts in the Hindu tradition. The reason why it was practiced for so many years was because of discussion in these texts. One of the sections of the Vedas in known as Samhitas, and it contains a section called the Rig Veda Samhita, which includes a passage defending sati as it states: Let these women, whose husbands are worthy and are living, enter the house with ghee (applied) as corrylium (to their eyes). Let these wives first step into the pyre, tearless without any affliction and well adorned. (Rig Veda 10.18.7) The verse encourages a widow to throw herself on her dead husbands pyre as a personal sacrifice to her husband. In the scripture, sati is a wife entering the funeral pyre, and the practice has started because it is a part of a sacred text. It is described with many other ritual practices prescribed to the followers of Hinduism. Another sacred text that defends the practice of sati is the Atharva Veda Samhita. It is from the same collection of Samhita as the Rig Veda and the funeral verse in the Atharva Veda in Kanda 18, Sukta 3 states: This woman, choosing her husbands world, lies down (nipad) by you that are departed, O mortal, continuing to keep [her] ancient duty (dharma); to her assign you here progeny and property. Sati is also mentioned in Mahabharata in the story of the pigeon and the hunter. Sati is described as a ritual suicide because after the passing of the husband the wife has to follow him too. Bhisma tells the story where the pigeons wife decides that no moral woman could still live if her husband was dead and so she decides to throw herself into her husbands funeral fire (Sutton 2000: 87). The result of her actions is that she is sent to svarga-loca (celestial world) alongside her husband in a celestial chariot (Sutton 2000: 87). The mention of the sati ritual on the pages of often read Mahabharata is regarded as another justification of the ritual. However, despite the fact that the ritual of sati is discussed in sacred texts for any Hindu, people started to seek another interpretation for the same verses. The understanding of the tradition is different now than it was at the beginning of the religion. The human rights activists and feminist lobbyists are fighting to liquidate the tradition completely. Those who oppose the ritual of sati claim that it is simply appalling and should be abolished forever. It seems like there shouldnt be a conflict as the practice became illegal many times. First, it was abolished by the British in 1829; and then again in late 1980s after the sati of Roop Kanwar. Indian feminists argue that the proclamation of Roop as an exemplary and chaste wife is revolting. The idea behind the ritual is the one of grave oppression of women and vivid representation of their secondary status and lack of choices. For centuries, the social status of women was closely related to the one of their fathers and later, t heir husbands. It was never an option for a female to be considered an equal in everything to her husband. After the independence of India was proclaimed women got their chance to build their lives the way they desire. But, sadly, many were clinging to the past, to something they have always known, the traditional way of life and thinking. The feminist leaders stepped up and encouraged the female population to take the reins of their destinies and think for themselves. It is unthinkable that in this day and age, anyone would consider a ritual suicide just because of the tradition that dates couple millennia back. In conclusion, the ritual of sati has rich and intriguing history. The account of sati examples were discovered in numerous documents all over the world. It can be determined to certain that India was not the only country that practiced ritual sacrifices of innocent women in order to fulfill their dharma and show off their chaste and pure nature. China had centuries of regular practice of sati, but unlike in India, the practice was long abolished. Concrete evidence that supports the ritual of sati is found in several sacred texts in Hinduism. It makes it harder to argue that sati is rather a choice a widow must make and not a predestined certainty. The evidence from the texts can be interpreted as a supporting ground for sati. It sounds noble, and pure, and chaste, to show the world the devotion the widow has for her deceased husband. In reality, it is just a tradition, a ritual like any other, that one can chose to forgo. In modern times there is no more stigma attached to being a w idow, no shame to carry with the title, no burden to lay on those who are still alive. Modern society is all about equality of rights for everyone. And Indian feminists argue just that, the tradition of sati had its place in history and lives of Hindus, but now, it is time to make wiser choices and live, instead of committing sacrificial suicide.

Appearance Vs. Reality Of Modern Music Affect On Teenagers :: essays research papers

Appearance vs. Reality of Modern Music Affect on Teenagers In today's society the teenager has had more rights than ever before, along with these rights comes responsibility, independence and good judgment. All of those mentioned have been destroyed in many teenagers lives by these "Rock Stars". The modern teenager is exposed to many different things that may affect their lives as they choose to live it, non quite as strong of a force than the effect of music, it is the teens outlet to expression, rebellion and popularity all of which are very important to the average teenager, but often in cases the teen who is trying to conform becomes subject to the "Rock Star's" manipulation, and that is when obsession kicks in. Then not only is the teenager subject to power corruption but so is the "rock star". This is the important thing to remember when dealing with the subject at hand. There are many reasons why teenagers cling to "rock stars", but there are always more popular reasons than others. One main reason that this occurs is because of the accessibility of what these "rock stars" are publishing. Think of all the things that teenagers have in front of them day-in, day-out; radio, television, clothes of peers etc. All of which are covered with popular musicians. So if they are so accessible then most people are aware of this so they start to pay attention to it, they see these extravagant people with no boundaries, limits or regulations. Most of modern "rock stars" have a catch something that stands out from the rest which leads to peoples attention. Also most "rock stars" these days have a relationship with the teens, the teens see themselves (or what they want to call themselves) in the "rock stars" presentation of their selves, but they take it to extremes so the teens say "hey they are like me but better" so it becomes an obsession to conform. These are some reasons why teens are obsessed by "rock stars". Out of all the different age groups on this planet why do teens seem to be the only ones who do this? Well teenagers have a great amount of time to read so much into things. Its the first age in most peoples lives where real independence is given, so they are desperate for something new to be controlled by. The one main reason why teens are the only age group subject to the manipulation of "rock stars" is because most of these "rock stars" are still in a teenage state of mind, so the real teenagers are already adapted to the Appearance Vs. Reality Of Modern Music Affect On Teenagers :: essays research papers Appearance vs. Reality of Modern Music Affect on Teenagers In today's society the teenager has had more rights than ever before, along with these rights comes responsibility, independence and good judgment. All of those mentioned have been destroyed in many teenagers lives by these "Rock Stars". The modern teenager is exposed to many different things that may affect their lives as they choose to live it, non quite as strong of a force than the effect of music, it is the teens outlet to expression, rebellion and popularity all of which are very important to the average teenager, but often in cases the teen who is trying to conform becomes subject to the "Rock Star's" manipulation, and that is when obsession kicks in. Then not only is the teenager subject to power corruption but so is the "rock star". This is the important thing to remember when dealing with the subject at hand. There are many reasons why teenagers cling to "rock stars", but there are always more popular reasons than others. One main reason that this occurs is because of the accessibility of what these "rock stars" are publishing. Think of all the things that teenagers have in front of them day-in, day-out; radio, television, clothes of peers etc. All of which are covered with popular musicians. So if they are so accessible then most people are aware of this so they start to pay attention to it, they see these extravagant people with no boundaries, limits or regulations. Most of modern "rock stars" have a catch something that stands out from the rest which leads to peoples attention. Also most "rock stars" these days have a relationship with the teens, the teens see themselves (or what they want to call themselves) in the "rock stars" presentation of their selves, but they take it to extremes so the teens say "hey they are like me but better" so it becomes an obsession to conform. These are some reasons why teens are obsessed by "rock stars". Out of all the different age groups on this planet why do teens seem to be the only ones who do this? Well teenagers have a great amount of time to read so much into things. Its the first age in most peoples lives where real independence is given, so they are desperate for something new to be controlled by. The one main reason why teens are the only age group subject to the manipulation of "rock stars" is because most of these "rock stars" are still in a teenage state of mind, so the real teenagers are already adapted to the

What legal rights (if any) does Milesofpaper Ltd have in respect of payment for the stationery and office equipment??

Introduction As Mr Frank and Mr Stamp entered into the contract with Milesofpaper Ltd before the incorporation of Wearboaters Ltd, it would appear that the contract was entered into under the partnership of Pleasure Boats & Co and thereby governed by the Partnership Act (PA) 1890. In order for a partnership to be created, there must be two or more persons that conduct business with a view to profit. Partnerships are defined under s. 1(1) PA 1890 as a â€Å"relation subsisting between persons carrying on business in common with a view of profit†. Mr Frank and Mr Stamp had clearly entered into a partnership as they carried on business (pleasure boat building and repairing) with a view to profit; Khan v Miah, Ahad and Miah[1]. Unlike companies, partnerships do not have a separate corporate personality and are instead regarded as a collection of individuals or persons.[2] This means that each partner is jointly liable, without limit, for the debts and obligations of the partnership incurred wh ile he or she is a partner (s. 9 PA 1890). Mr Frank and Mr Stamp will therefore both be personally liable for any debts the partnership incurred; M Young Legal Associates Ltd v Zahid[3]. In considering whether Milesofpaper has any rights in respect of payment for the stationary and office equipment, it will need to be considered whether Mr Frank and Mr Stamp are personally liable the contact is capable of binding the partnership. Given that both partners entered into the contract with Milesofpaper, they will be deemed to have had actual authority to bind the firm. S. 5 PA 1890 states that every partner is an agent of the firm whose acts bind the firm and his partners, unless the partner acting had no authority to do so. Given that both Mr Frank and Mr Stamp would have the authority to enter into the contract with Milesofpaper, it is clear that their actions would have bound the firm. However, because the contract was entered into under the company’s name; Wearboaters Ltd, it is doubtful that this particular transaction will be binding against the partners. It is noted under s. 6 PA 1890 that an act relating to the business of the firm must be done in the firm name or any other manner to be binding on the firm and all its partners. Since the act relating to the business of the firm was done in the name of the new unincorporated company, it is unlikely that the partnership will be liable for the debt. Ye t, the individual who entered into the contract may be liable for the debt as their own private act[4]; Sangster v Biddulph[5]. Furthermore, even though Wearboaters Ltd has now been incorporated, Milesofpaper Ltd will not be able to enforce the pre-incorporated contract. The reason for this is that; â€Å"before incorporation, the company is not competent to enter into contract in its own name as it has no legal entity†[6]. As such, Wearboaters Ltd will not be capable of being sued for the pre-incorporation contract that was entered into between Mr Frank, Mr Stamp and Milesofpaper. In Re English & Colonial Product Co[7] it was held that a company was not liable to pay for services and expenses incurred by a solicitor pre-incorporation as the company was not in existence at the time when the expenses were incurred. In addition, it was also held in CIT v City Mills Distilleries (P) Ltd[8] that a company has no status prior to its incorporation and can have no income or liability. As the company had not been incorporated, Mr Frank and Mr Stamp will be classed as ‘promoters’ who will have purported to enter into a contract by or on behalf of Wearboaters Ltd[9]. As promoters, Mr Frank and Mr Stamp will be personally liable unless the contract states otherwise (s. 51 Companies Act (CA) 2006). In Phonogram Ltd v Lane[10] it was held that a promoter of a company was personally liable to repay a deb t that was made on the company’s behalf under s. 51 CA 2006 (previously 2. 36 CA 1985) even though the claimant was unaware that the company was not in existence at the time the contract was entered into. Overall, it is likely that Milesofpaper will have a claim against Mr Frank and Mr Stamp in respect of payment for the stationery and office equipment. What legal rights (if any) do Mr Frank and Mr Stamp have in respect to payment for compensation for the destroyed boats and equipment? Once a company has been incorporated, it is separate and distinct from its members as shown in Salomon v Salomon[11]. Here, it was made clear that a company shall be solely liable for any losses or mishaps that arise within the company. In accordance with this principle, a company has the capacity to enter into contracts and sue and be sued in its own name. If the company suffers a breach of contract, it is the company who will be able to sue on the contract for breach and thereby seek to take the appropriate remedial action[12]. As business assets are owned by the company, it is the company who is responsible for insuring them. Because Mr Frank had insured the assets of the business under the partnership, the assets that have been transferred to the company will no longer be insured. This is because Mr Frank does not have an insurable interest in the company’s assets and a new contract would need to have been entered into between the company and the insurer. This was identifi ed in Macaura v Northern Assurance Co Ltd[13] where Macaura was the owner of a timber estate who took out an insurance policy in his own name. Most of the timber was destroyed by fire but Macaura could not claim for loss of goods as he did not have an insurable interest in the timber. It was held that a person cannot claim for loss of goods that are owned by another party. As the company owned the timber, Macaura could not make a claim. Since Wearboaters Ltd is the new owner of the assets, Mr Frank will not be able to make a claim as they no longer have an insurable interest in the assets. When the assets were transferred a new insurance policy should have been taken out in Wearboaters Ltd’s name. As Mr Frank and Mr Stamp have failed to take out a new insurance policy, they will be deemed to have breached their directors’ duties and will be found personally liable for the loss that has been caused to the business. It cannot be said that Mr Frank and Mr Stamp were promoting the success of the company as required under s. 172 CA 2006 and will therefore be liable for any losses incurred; Re Duomatic[14]. This is an exception to the rule in Salomon that a company is separate and distinct from its members and thus allows the corporate veil to be lifted in certain circumstances. In addition, Mr Frank and Mr Stamp also breached their duty to â€Å"exercise reasonable care, skill and diligence† under s. 174 CA 2006 as shown in Secretary of State for Trade and Industry v Goldberg[15]. Although the courts are generally reluctant to lift the corporate veil, they will do so when â€Å"common sense and reality demand it†[16] and when â€Å"there is a powerful argument of principle for lifting the corporate veil where the facts require it†[17]. It could be said that this is to apply in the instant situation as Mr Frank and Mr Stamp should have insured the assets of the business as they were the first directors of Wearboaters Ltd. The courts will only pierce the corporate veil in very limited circumstances, however, and if Mr Frank and Mr Stamp can demonstrate that there was no evidence of â€Å"fraud, illegality or a sham or if the company is a mere facade concealing the true facts† (ss. 213-215 of the Insolvency Act 1986, s. 993 CA 2006 and s. 15 of the Company Directors Disqualification Act 1986), then it is unlikely that they will be found personally liable; Adams v Cape Industries plc[18]. As noted by Talbot; â€Å"veil piecing is not an end in itself but a means to an end†[19]. Therefore, unless the circumstances of the case give rise to fraud or a pre-existing obligation, the courts will be unlikely to pierce the veil in its entirety; Pirelli Cable Holding NV v IRC[20]. It has been said that the courts will â€Å"go to great lengths to avoid any obvious penetration of the corporate veil, whilst still making the sort of inquiries that would be satisfied by just such a process†[21]. T his prevents the doctrine from being completely undermined, whilst also protecting the public; Millam v Print Factory (London) 1991 Ltd[22]. The veil will only be lifted in exceptional circumstances[23] so as to prevent individuals from being discouraged from investing in companies[24]. Overall, given that it Mr Frank and Mr Stamp appear to have made a genuine mistake in respect of the insurance, it is unlikely that they will be found personally liable. However, they will not be entitled to compensation for any loss suffered. Bibliography Text Books A Dignam and J Lowry. Company Law (Core Text Series). (Oxford: OUP Oxford, 2012). D French. S Mason. and C Ryan. Mason, French & Ryan on Company Law, (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013). L Jones. Introduction to Business Law. (Oxford: OUP Oxford, 2013). L Talbot, L. Critical Company Law, (London: Routledge, 2007). P P S Gonga. A Text Book of Company Law., (London: Chand, 2002). Journal Articles S Ghaiwal, S. ‘Chandler v Cape plc: Is there a chink in the corporate veil?’ (2012) Health and Safety at Work Newsletter, vol 18, no 3, 487-499. V V Watcher. ‘The Corporate Veil’ (2007) New Law Journal, vol. 990, no. 7218, 22-27. Legislation Partnership Act 1890 Cases Adams v Cape Industries plc [1990] Ch 433 CIT v City Mills Distilleries (P) Ltd (1996) 2 SCC 375 Khan v Miah, Ahad and Miah [2001] All ER Macaura v Northern Assurance Co Ltd [1925] AC 619 Millam v Print Factory (London) 1991 Ltd [2007] EWCA Civ 322 M Young Legal Associates Ltd v Zahid [2006] EWCA Civ 613 Pirelli Cable Holding NV v IRC [2006] UKHL 4 Phonogram Ltd v Lane (1982) QB 938 Re Duomatic [1969] 2 Ch 365 Re English & Colonial Product Co (1906) 2 Ch 435 Salomon v Salomon [1987] AC 22 Sangster v Biddulph [2005] PNLR 33 Secretary of State for Trade and Industry v Goldberg [2004] 1 BCLC 557

Huck Finn essays

Huck Finn essays Huckleberry Finn: The experiences of an endangered child Mark Twain created a character that expresses freedom within American society. Huckleberry Finn lives on the margins of society because he is the son of a town drunk. He sleeps where he pleases and eats where he pleases. No one requires him to attend school or church, bath or dress respectably. Years of having to fend for himself have invested Huck with solid common sense. Huckleberry Finns background is as important as his personality in this novel. He is only thirteen years old when he sets out on his own. He comes from the lowest levels of white society. His father was a drunk and he is often dirty and frequently homeless. Widow Douglass and Miss Watson reform him throughout the novel. The community failed to protect him from his father and he was denied schooling and religious training. He feels society and enters the natural world where he feels most at home. He and a friend, Tom Sawyer cross paths in the wilderness and decide to travel together. Both use a raft to escape the bondage of the land. Through Huck, Twain weighs the costs and benefits of living in society against those of living independently of society. Adult societies disapprove of Huck, but because he appears to be a likeable boy, the adults disapproval of Huck generally separates the readers from them and not from Huck himself. Throughout the novel, Huck becomes skeptical of the world around him and constantly looks to distance him from it. Since he is a child, Huck is always vulnerable; any adult he encounters has power over him. This allows Twain to compare Huck to Jim, who is a slave and also vulnerable to whites, even a poor white child such as Huck. Hucks childhood leads him to often distrust people. That same distrust and his experiences as he travels down the river force him to question the things he has been taught. Hucks sense of logic and fairn...

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